BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) is a synthetic antioxidant used in skincare products to prevent oils and other ingredients from oxidizing and going rancid. It's used at very low concentrations (0.0002% to 0.5%) to extend shelf life.
Benefits
Prevents product degradation and extends shelf life
Keeps formulations stable over time
Allows use of beneficial oils without them spoiling
Potential concerns
Can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals at higher concentrations
May cause mild contact sensitization in some people
Minimal systemic absorption when applied to skin, but oral ingestion studies show potential liver and kidney effects at high doses
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded BHT is safe as used in cosmetic formulations at typical concentrations. When applied to skin, BHT remains largely in the skin with minimal systemic absorption, unlike oral exposure which showed some toxic effects in animal studies at high doses.
Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects skin from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. It helps maintain skin's natural barrier function and is commonly used in skincare products to prevent premature aging and support overall skin health.
Benefits
Protects skin from free radical damage and oxidative stress
Supports skin barrier function and moisture retention
May help reduce signs of aging caused by UV exposure and environmental damage
Works as a lipid antioxidant to prevent degradation of skin oils
Science: Tocopherol (α-tocopherol) is recognized in peer-reviewed research as a key endogenous defense mechanism against oxidative stress in aging skin, particularly from UV-induced damage. Studies confirm it functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant capable of preventing lipid peroxidation, with established efficacy in cosmetic and therapeutic applications.
Squalane is a lightweight, skin-identical oil derived from squalene (a natural component of human sebum). It absorbs easily into the skin to lock in moisture and create a smooth, soft feel without leaving a greasy residue.
Benefits
Hydrates and moisturizes skin
Mimics skin's natural oils for better compatibility
Lightweight emollient that doesn't clog pores
Antioxidant properties
Well-tolerated by most skin types
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel confirmed squalane is safe for cosmetic use at typical concentrations (2023). Research demonstrates skin hydrating and emollient activity, and squalane is naturally present in human sebum at ~13%, making it biocompatible with skin.
Caprylic/capric triglyceride is a lightweight oil derived from coconut or palm oil. In skincare products, it acts as an emollient and helps formulations spread smoothly while creating a protective barrier on the skin's surface to lock in moisture.
Benefits
Improves skin hydration by reducing water loss from the skin
Lightweight texture that absorbs quickly without feeling greasy
Helps stabilize and improve the texture of skincare formulations
Science: Research shows that emulsions containing 15% caprylic/capric triglyceride significantly increase skin hydration and reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL) through occlusion. The ingredient is also commonly used as a carrier oil in advanced delivery systems for other active ingredients, demonstrating good skin compatibility and efficacy as a cosmetic base.
