Ingredients
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Glycerin is a naturally derived humectant—a ingredient that draws moisture from the air into your skin. It's one of the most widely used and well-studied moisturizing agents in skincare, helping skin feel softer and more hydrated.
Benefits
- Attracts and retains moisture in the skin
- Improves skin hydration and softness
- Helps strengthen skin barrier function
- Suitable for most skin types, including sensitive skin
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded glycerin is safe as used in cosmetics across all concentrations. Research shows glycerin effectively improves skin hydration and is well-tolerated with minimal irritation risk. It is also referenced in clinical guidelines for managing inflammatory skin conditions and maintaining skin integrity.
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Caprylyl glycol is a preservative and skin-conditioning ingredient derived from coconut oil. It helps prevent bacterial and mold growth in skincare products while also providing mild hydrating and humectant benefits to the skin.
Benefits
- Helps preserve product freshness and prevent contamination
- Provides gentle humectant properties to help retain skin moisture
- Often used as a gentler alternative to traditional preservatives
Potential concerns
- Rare cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported in sensitive individuals
- May cause irritation in those with known sensitivity to glycols
Science: A 200-subject repeat patch test study found no delayed hypersensitivity reactions to caprylyl glycol at typical use concentrations. However, isolated case reports of allergic contact dermatitis exist, suggesting it can act as an allergen in susceptible individuals. It is widely used in infant and sensitive-skin formulations as a preservative alternative.
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Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid commonly used in skincare products as an exfoliant and pH balancer. It belongs to a group of ingredients called alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) that help remove dead skin cells from the surface.
Benefits
- Gentle exfoliation to improve skin texture and appearance
- Helps reduce the appearance of keratosis and acne
- Balances product pH to maintain skin compatibility
Potential concerns
- Can cause irritation, redness, or sensitivity in some users, especially with prolonged or frequent use
- May increase sun sensitivity — sunscreen use is recommended when using AHA products
- Not suitable for very sensitive or compromised skin without caution
Science: Citric acid is an established AHA used in cosmetics for superficial peeling and skin appearance improvement, though research emphasizes that caution should be exercised due to potential adverse reactions. It is widely produced industrially and well-established in skincare formulations.
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Sodium citrate is a salt derived from citric acid that acts as a pH buffer and preservative in skincare products. It helps stabilize formulations and maintain skin compatibility by regulating acidity levels.
Benefits
- Helps maintain optimal pH balance in skincare formulas
- Preservative that extends product shelf life
- Gentle and well-tolerated by most skin types
Science: Sodium citrate is recognized as safe for topical use in cosmetics and has a long history of food and pharmaceutical applications. The research provided relates to its use as an anticoagulant in medical settings and as a buffering agent in sports nutrition, demonstrating its established safety profile across multiple industries.
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Propanediol is a lightweight humectant—a molecule that draws water into the skin to keep it hydrated. It's also used in cosmetic formulations as a solvent and preservative booster, helping products stay stable and feel smooth on the skin.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes the skin
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Helps preserve formulations naturally
Science: Propanediol can be produced through bio-based fermentation (from glycerol using microorganisms), making it an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical synthesis. It is widely recognized as safe in cosmetic and food applications, with established use as both a humectant and preservative enhancer.
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Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate is a chelating agent, which means it binds to trace metals in cosmetic formulas to keep products stable and prevent discoloration or degradation. It's used in small amounts primarily to maintain product quality rather than directly benefit your skin.
Benefits
- Extends product shelf life
- Prevents oxidation and discoloration
- Improves formula stability
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is approved for cosmetic use under EU and US regulations as a chelating agent and is considered safe at the low concentrations used in skincare formulations.
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Pentylene glycol is a lightweight humectant—a ingredient that draws water into the skin to improve hydration and texture. It's commonly used in serums, sunscreens, and moisturizers as a preservative booster and skin-conditioning agent.
Benefits
- Improves skin hydration by attracting moisture
- Lightweight feel, absorbs quickly without heaviness
- Helps preserve product stability and extends shelf life
Potential concerns
- Rare contact allergy reported in sensitive individuals
- Emerging evidence suggests it may be an uncommon cosmetic allergen—if you have sensitive or reactive skin, patch test first
Science: Safety studies show a high margin of safety at standard use levels (87–671 in adults), with minimal skin penetration due to the ingredient's volatility. However, recent dermatological reports flag pentylene glycol as an emerging contact allergen in some individuals, warranting attention for those with sensitive skin.
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Phospholipids are natural fat-like molecules found in plant oils and cell membranes that help strengthen your skin's protective barrier. They work by binding water to the skin and supporting the structure that keeps moisture locked in.
Benefits
- Strengthens skin barrier function
- Improves skin hydration and moisture retention
- Supports wound healing
- Has anti-inflammatory properties
Science: Research shows phospholipids are natural constituents of beneficial plant oils and support healthy skin barrier function with anti-inflammatory effects. They are well-tolerated ingredients commonly derived from natural sources like seeds and plant oils.
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Sphingolipids are a family of fat-like molecules naturally found in your skin's outer layer that help form a protective barrier. They work alongside other lipids to lock in moisture and keep irritants out, making them essential for healthy skin function.
Benefits
- Strengthens skin's natural moisture barrier
- Helps skin retain water and stay hydrated
- May improve symptoms of dry, sensitive, or compromised skin conditions
- Supports skin's structural integrity and resilience
Science: Ceramides (a type of sphingolipid) are recognized as a major component of the skin's intercellular lipid structure and play an essential role in maintaining barrier function. Research shows that many skin disorders with weakened barriers have reduced ceramide levels, and topical application of ceramides can help restore normal barrier function and improve skin condition.
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Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects skin from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. It helps maintain skin's natural barrier function and is commonly used in skincare products to prevent premature aging and support overall skin health.
Benefits
- Protects skin from free radical damage and oxidative stress
- Supports skin barrier function and moisture retention
- May help reduce signs of aging caused by UV exposure and environmental damage
- Works as a lipid antioxidant to prevent degradation of skin oils
Science: Tocopherol (α-tocopherol) is recognized in peer-reviewed research as a key endogenous defense mechanism against oxidative stress in aging skin, particularly from UV-induced damage. Studies confirm it functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant capable of preventing lipid peroxidation, with established efficacy in cosmetic and therapeutic applications.
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Lecithin is a naturally derived ingredient that acts as an emulsifier and skin conditioner in skincare products. It helps blend water and oil-based ingredients together and can improve the texture and feel of creams and lotions on your skin.
Benefits
- Helps create smooth, blended formulations
- Conditions and softens skin
- Improves product texture and spreadability
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that lecithin and related phosphoglycerides are safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 50%, based on comprehensive safety assessment. While lecithin can have physiological effects when ingested, these effects are not reproduced through topical skin application.
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Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a lightweight oil derived from coconut that acts as an emollient and helps formulations blend smoothly. It softens skin and reduces water loss by creating an occlusive barrier on the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Improves skin hydration and reduces transepidermal water loss (TEWL)
- Lightweight, non-greasy feel compared to heavier oils
- Helps deliver other active ingredients deeper into the skin
- Smooth, silky texture in skincare formulations
Science: Research shows that emulsions containing 15% caprylic/capric triglyceride significantly increase skin hydration and reduce water loss in healthy subjects. The ingredient is also used as an effective carrier oil in nanoemulsions to enhance penetration of active compounds into skin.
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Potassium cetyl phosphate is an emulsifier and skin-conditioning agent that helps mix oil and water together in creams and lotions. It also helps create a protective barrier on the skin to lock in moisture.
Benefits
- Helps create stable, smooth-textured creams
- Improves skin hydration by forming a protective moisture barrier
- Enhances skin softness and spreadability of products
Science: Research shows potassium cetyl phosphate works effectively as part of lipid complexes to improve skin hydration and barrier function, particularly when combined with other fatty acids and ceramide-like ingredients. It creates organized lipid structures on the skin that help reduce water loss and support skin density improvements.
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Myristic acid is a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid found in common foods like nutmeg and coconut oil. In skincare, it functions as an emollient and texturizing agent that helps soften and condition the skin.
Benefits
- Skin-conditioning and emollient properties
- May help reduce skin inflammation
- Naturally derived fatty acid with established safety history
Potential concerns
- May cause irritation to skin and eyes in pure, concentrated form
- Limited specific safety data for topical skincare use in humans
Science: Myristic acid has a strong safety record as a food ingredient with low acute toxicity. Recent research suggests it may have anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing properties when applied to skin. However, most peer-reviewed safety data comes from food applications rather than cosmetic use.
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Palmitic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in palm oil and animal fats that helps strengthen your skin's barrier and improve moisture retention. In skincare products, it acts as an emollient and emulsifier, making formulas smoother and helping other ingredients blend together.
Benefits
- Moisturizes and softens skin
- Strengthens skin barrier function
- Improves product texture and spreadability
Science: Palmitic acid is a well-established safe ingredient with a long history of use in cosmetics and food products. The provided research focuses on palmitic acid's metabolic role in systemic health contexts (cancer research), which is not relevant to topical skincare applications where absorption is minimal.
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Xanthan gum is a natural thickener derived from fermented bacteria that helps give skincare products a smooth, gel-like texture. It stabilizes formulas and prevents ingredients from separating, while also helping products spread evenly on skin.
Benefits
- Creates smooth, pleasant texture
- Stabilizes emulsions and prevents separation
- Improves product spreadability and application
Science: Xanthan gum is an FDA-approved, anionic polysaccharide with a long history of safe use across food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries since 1969. Its performance as a thickener and stabilizer is well-established in scientific literature, with no notable skin irritation concerns reported.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Behenyl alcohol is a waxy, plant-derived fatty alcohol that acts as a thickener and emollient in skincare products. It helps create stable, creamy textures in formulations and can improve the feel and moisturizing properties of creams and lotions.
Benefits
- Thickens and stabilizes product texture
- Provides emollient properties for skin conditioning
- Helps reduce moisture loss from skin
- Creates a smooth, non-greasy feel in formulations
Science: Research from L'Oréal shows behenyl alcohol works effectively as a structure-building agent in oil-based skincare systems, particularly when combined with behenic acid. It forms stable crystalline networks in oils that enhance product stability and texture without irritation concerns.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Sunflower seed oil is a natural plant oil extracted from sunflower seeds. In skincare, it acts as a moisturizer and emollient, helping to soften and hydrate the skin while forming a protective barrier on the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Hydration and moisturizing
- Skin softening and smoothing
- Rich in antioxidants and vitamin E
Science: Recent research shows sunflower oil does not trigger cross-reactivity with common allergens like nickel or Compositae plant allergens, supporting its safety profile for sensitive skin. It is well-tolerated and has a long history of safe use in cosmetics.
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Oleic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in many plant and animal oils. In skincare, it helps soften and moisturize the skin by forming a protective layer on the surface.
Benefits
- Moisturizes and softens skin
- Helps skin retain moisture
- Found naturally in nourishing oils like olive and argan oil
Potential concerns
- May weaken skin barrier function when present in high concentrations
- Can potentially irritate sensitive or compromised skin
- May be problematic for acne-prone individuals in excessive amounts
Science: Research indicates that oils with higher ratios of linoleic acid to oleic acid provide better skin-barrier repair benefits, whereas oils with higher amounts of oleic acid may actually be detrimental to skin-barrier function. The irritant potential of oleic acid appears dose- and context-dependent.
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Cetearyl alcohol is a waxy, fatty alcohol derived from vegetable or petroleum sources that acts as an emulsifier and thickener in skincare products. It helps blend oil and water-based ingredients together and gives creams and lotions their smooth, spreadable texture.
Benefits
- Stabilizes emulsions to prevent separation of oil and water
- Thickens and improves texture of creams and lotions
- Creates a smooth, non-greasy feel on skin
Potential concerns
- Rare allergic contact dermatitis reported in sensitive individuals
- May cause localized irritation or allergic reactions in patch-tested cases
Science: Cetearyl alcohol is widely used as an emulsifier in topical formulations and generally has a good safety profile. However, multiple case reports document allergic contact dermatitis in susceptible individuals, suggesting it can act as a contact allergen in rare cases. It does not significantly penetrate skin and primarily remains in the formulation.
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Polyhydroxystearic acid is a thickening and stabilizing agent derived from stearic acid (a fatty acid). It helps create texture, prevent separation of ingredients, and improve the feel of skincare products on the skin.
Benefits
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Helps stabilize emulsions and prevent separation
- Provides mild emollient properties
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is chemically similar to stearic acid, which has a well-established safety record in cosmetics and is approved by major regulatory bodies including the FDA and EU.
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Ascorbyl palmitate is a stabilized form of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) that's designed to be more shelf-stable and easier to formulate into skincare products than pure vitamin C. It works as an antioxidant to help protect skin from environmental damage and may support anti-aging benefits.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection against free radicals
- May help reduce appearance of fine lines and support skin firmness
- Can help even out skin tone and reduce hyperpigmentation
- More stable formulation option compared to L-ascorbic acid
Potential concerns
- Less potent than pure L-ascorbic acid at the same concentration
- Penetration into deeper skin layers is limited without specialized delivery systems
- May cause mild irritation in sensitive skin at higher concentrations
Science: Recent research (2024) shows that ascorbyl palmitate has good antioxidant and anti-aging properties similar to L-ascorbic acid. When encapsulated in liposomes, skin penetration improved significantly (1.2–1.3 fold increase), suggesting that standard formulations may have limited effectiveness unless specifically optimized for absorption.
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Grape seed oil is a lightweight plant oil extracted from grape seeds, rich in antioxidants and fatty acids. It's used in skincare to moisturize, protect skin from environmental damage, and improve skin texture without leaving a heavy residue.
Benefits
- Moisturizes and softens skin
- Contains antioxidants that may help protect against free radical damage
- Lightweight texture suitable for oily and combination skin types
Potential concerns
- May cause allergic reactions in people with grape sensitivities
- Can potentially clog pores in acne-prone individuals at high concentrations
Science: Grape seed oil is well-established in cosmetic use and generally recognized as safe. Limited peer-reviewed data is available specifically for its skincare efficacy, though it contains proanthocyanidins and linoleic acid, compounds associated with antioxidant and skin-conditioning properties.
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Sodium stearoyl glutamate is a gentle cleanser and skin-conditioning agent derived from amino acids and fatty acids. It helps remove oil and impurities while maintaining skin's natural moisture balance, commonly used in cleansers and makeup removers.
Benefits
- Mild cleansing action
- Skin conditioning
- Helps remove makeup and oil
Potential concerns
- Potential allergen for sensitive individuals
- May cause contact dermatitis in susceptible people
Science: Recent dermatological literature (2022) identifies sodium stearoyl glutamate as a known sensitizer in cosmetics, capable of triggering allergic contact dermatitis in some users. While generally recognized as safe for most people, it has been documented as a cause of contact allergies in clinical cases.
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Hydroxyacetophenone is a naturally derived compound with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It's used in skincare products to help protect skin from environmental stress and maintain product freshness.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection against free radicals
- Antimicrobial and antiseptic properties
- May help preserve product stability
Science: Research shows hydroxyacetophenone has demonstrated antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiseptic activities in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. However, peer-reviewed data specifically evaluating its safety profile and efficacy in topical skincare products for consumers is limited.
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Ceramide NP is a naturally-derived lipid that mimics ceramides found in healthy skin. It works to repair and strengthen your skin's protective barrier, helping it retain moisture and resist irritation.
Benefits
- Restores skin barrier function and structural integrity
- Reduces trans-epidermal water loss (helps skin stay hydrated)
- Strengthens skin's natural defense against irritants and environmental stressors
Science: Recent research demonstrates that Ceramide NP effectively recovers damaged skin barrier function and can be formulated into advanced delivery systems (like ethosomes) to enhance skin absorption. Studies show it meaningfully lowers water loss while restoring epidermis structure in compromised skin.
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Glyceryl Caprylate is a mild emulsifier and penetration enhancer derived from glycerin and caprylic acid (a natural fatty acid). In skincare products, it helps blend water and oil-based ingredients together and can improve how active ingredients absorb into the skin.
Benefits
- Helps formulations blend water and oil ingredients
- May enhance absorption of other skincare actives
- Mild and generally well-tolerated by most skin types
Science: Safety assessments by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel confirm glyceryl caprylate is safe for cosmetic use. Research demonstrates it functions effectively as a penetration enhancer in topical formulations, helping active ingredients reach deeper skin layers.
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Caprylhydroxamic Acid is a preservative and chelating agent used in skincare products to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life. It's a multifunctional ingredient increasingly used as an alternative to traditional preservatives in formulas designed for sensitive skin.
Benefits
- Preserves products by preventing bacterial and microbial growth
- Chelates metal ions that can degrade product quality
- Gentler alternative to some conventional preservatives, particularly for sensitive skin formulations
Potential concerns
- May cause skin sensitization, especially when applied to damaged or compromised skin
- Requires careful formulation to minimize skin penetration and reduce irritation potential
Science: The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety concluded that Caprylhydroxamic Acid is safe at current usage levels and concentrations, but advised caution against formulations that increase skin penetration. Research shows it is used at safe levels in infant and sensitive-skin cosmetics as a preservative alternative.
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Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds structurally similar to cholesterol that help strengthen and protect your skin's natural barrier. In skincare products, they work to improve moisture retention and support skin elasticity.
Benefits
- Strengthens skin barrier function
- Improves skin hydration and moisture retention
- Supports skin elasticity and firmness
- Provides antioxidant protection
Science: Phytosterols are naturally occurring compounds found in plants like avocado and lavender, known for their antioxidant and skin-conditioning properties. Research indicates they support cardiovascular and skin health, though peer-reviewed cosmetic efficacy studies specific to topical skincare application are limited.
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Candelilla wax is a natural plant-derived wax extracted from a desert shrub native to Mexico. In skincare, it acts as a thickening and texturizing agent that helps create a smooth, spreadable consistency while forming a light protective barrier on the skin.
Benefits
- Creates smooth, creamy texture in products
- Provides light moisture barrier without feeling greasy
- Natural alternative to synthetic waxes
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. Candelilla wax is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by cosmetic regulatory bodies and has a long history of use in traditional applications. It is non-comedogenic and suitable for most skin types.
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Ceramide AP is a naturally occurring lipid that mimics ceramides found in your skin's outer barrier. It helps restore and maintain the skin's protective layer, reducing moisture loss and supporting overall skin health.
Benefits
- Strengthens skin barrier function
- Reduces transepidermal water loss (TEWL)
- Improves skin hydration and moisture retention
- Helps repair compromised or damaged skin barriers
Science: Research confirms ceramide AP is essential for proper stratum corneum (outer skin layer) barrier function and can be effectively incorporated into skincare formulations. Studies using advanced biophysical methods have demonstrated that ceramide AP integrates properly into skin lipid structures, supporting its use as a barrier-repair ingredient.
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Sucrose Cocoate is a natural emulsifier derived from coconut oil and sugar that helps mix oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare formulas. It's commonly used in moisturizing products to create stable, creamy textures while supporting skin hydration.
Benefits
- Helps stabilize emulsions for better product texture and consistency
- Supports skin hydration and moisture retention
- May help strengthen the skin's natural barrier function
- Derived from natural sources (coconut and sugar)
Science: Research shows sucrose cocoate creates physically stable emulsions with favorable effects on skin hydration and barrier improvement. Studies indicate it's well-tolerated in topical formulations at typical use levels (around 0.5% or less).
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Dimer Dilinoleyl Dimer Dilinoleate is a synthetic emollient and conditioning agent derived from linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. It works by forming a smooth, protective layer on the skin to lock in moisture and improve texture.
Benefits
- Moisturizing and hydrating
- Improves skin softness and smoothness
- Enhances product texture and spreadability
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is chemically similar to other fatty acid esters commonly used in skincare and considered safe for topical use based on its composition and cosmetic industry history.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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P-Anisic acid is a naturally-derived compound that acts as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in skincare products. It helps prevent bacterial and microbial growth, making it an alternative to some traditional chemical preservatives, particularly in products designed for sensitive or infant skin.
Benefits
- Antimicrobial properties help preserve product shelf life
- May promote gentle skin cell growth at appropriate concentrations
- Well-tolerated by skin cells with minimal irritation risk
- Considered a gentler preservative option for sensitive formulations
Potential concerns
- At very high concentrations (100+ µg/mL), may slightly reduce skin cell proliferation
- Limited safety data in real-world skincare applications outside controlled laboratory studies
Science: Recent research demonstrates that p-anisic acid shows good biocompatibility with skin cells and can be effectively delivered through polymer systems without causing cytotoxicity at typical use levels. It is being investigated as a preservative replacement in cosmetics for sensitive populations and infant products.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Oryzanol is a natural compound extracted from rice bran that contains ferulic acid and plant-derived sterols. In skincare, it works as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent to help protect skin from environmental damage and support the skin barrier.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection against free radicals and oxidative stress
- Anti-inflammatory properties that may help calm irritated skin
- May provide UV protection and photoprotective effects
- Supports skin barrier function
Science: Research indicates oryzanol exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential photoprotective effects in both laboratory and animal models. However, most human clinical studies focus on oral supplementation rather than topical application, and researchers note that further studies are needed to establish optimal doses and formulation strategies for skincare use.
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