Ingredients
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Dimethicone is a silicone-based ingredient that forms a smooth, protective layer on your skin. It helps lock in moisture, creates a soft feel, and is commonly used in moisturizers and primers to improve product texture and skin hydration.
Benefits
- Improves skin hydration by creating a moisture-barrier layer
- Provides a smooth, silky feel to products and on skin
- Well-tolerated by sensitive and atopic (eczema-prone) skin
- Non-greasy alternative to heavier oils
Science: Clinical studies demonstrate dimethicone is safe and well-tolerated in children with atopic dermatitis from 12 months of age. Research shows moisturizers containing dimethicone effectively improve skin hydration in mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis patients over 14 days.
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Butylene glycol is a humectant—a type of ingredient that draws water into the skin and helps it stay hydrated. It's a small, lightweight molecule commonly used in moisturizers to improve hydration without leaving a heavy feel on the skin.
Benefits
- Increases skin hydration and moisture retention
- Lightweight and absorbs quickly
- Helps other active ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively
Science: Research demonstrates that butylene glycol, when combined with other humectants (like glycerin and hyaluronic acid) and occlusive ingredients in moisturizers, significantly improves skin hydration in both healthy skin and compromised skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. It is recognized as a safe, effective humectant in dermatological formulations.
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Glycerin is a naturally derived humectant—a ingredient that draws moisture from the air into your skin. It's one of the most widely used and well-studied moisturizing agents in skincare, helping skin feel softer and more hydrated.
Benefits
- Attracts and retains moisture in the skin
- Improves skin hydration and softness
- Helps strengthen skin barrier function
- Suitable for most skin types, including sensitive skin
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded glycerin is safe as used in cosmetics across all concentrations. Research shows glycerin effectively improves skin hydration and is well-tolerated with minimal irritation risk. It is also referenced in clinical guidelines for managing inflammatory skin conditions and maintaining skin integrity.
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Sorbitol is a naturally derived humectant (moisture-binding agent) that helps skin retain water and stay hydrated. It's a sugar alcohol commonly used in skincare products to improve texture and maintain moisture levels.
Benefits
- Draws moisture into the skin for enhanced hydration
- Helps improve skin texture and smoothness
- Gentle humectant suitable for most skin types
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available specifically for sorbitol in topical skincare applications. Research shows sorbitol functions effectively as a humectant and moisture-retaining agent in formulations, with a well-established safety profile in cosmetic use.
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Sodium hyaluronate is the salt form of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance found in your skin that acts like a moisture magnet. In skincare products, it absorbs water from the environment and binds it to your skin, helping to hydrate and plump the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Delivers intense hydration to the skin
- Helps reduce the appearance of fine lines by improving skin moisture
- Supports skin barrier function
- Suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and oily skin
Potential concerns
- In very dry climates with low humidity, it may draw moisture from deeper skin layers if not sealed with an occlusive product
- Rare allergic reactions are possible but extremely uncommon
Science: While the provided research focuses on intra-articular injections for joint health (showing good safety and efficacy), hyaluronic acid and its salt form are well-established in dermatology for topical hydration. The molecule's safety profile is well-documented across decades of use in medical and cosmetic applications, with severe adverse reactions being extremely rare.
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This is a thickening and stabilizing agent that helps give skincare products their texture and consistency. It works by absorbing water and forming a gel-like network, making products feel smooth and creamy on the skin without leaving a greasy residue.
Benefits
- Creates smooth, pleasant product texture
- Helps stabilize emulsions and prevent separation
- Allows for lightweight formulations that don't feel heavy
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is widely used in cosmetics and generally recognized as safe by regulatory bodies including the CosIng database and is approved for use in the EU and US.
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Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid commonly used in skincare products as an exfoliant and pH balancer. It belongs to a group of ingredients called alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) that help remove dead skin cells from the surface.
Benefits
- Gentle exfoliation to improve skin texture and appearance
- Helps reduce the appearance of keratosis and acne
- Balances product pH to maintain skin compatibility
Potential concerns
- Can cause irritation, redness, or sensitivity in some users, especially with prolonged or frequent use
- May increase sun sensitivity — sunscreen use is recommended when using AHA products
- Not suitable for very sensitive or compromised skin without caution
Science: Citric acid is an established AHA used in cosmetics for superficial peeling and skin appearance improvement, though research emphasizes that caution should be exercised due to potential adverse reactions. It is widely produced industrially and well-established in skincare formulations.
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Proline is an amino acid that serves as a building block for collagen, the protein responsible for skin firmness and structure. Your body uses proline (along with vitamin C) to create and repair collagen in the skin, which naturally declines with age.
Benefits
- Supports collagen production and skin structure
- May improve skin firmness and elasticity
- Helps with skin repair and wound healing
Science: Proline is an essential amino acid in collagen synthesis; vitamin C-dependent hydroxylation of proline is a critical step in forming stable collagen. Limited direct human studies exist on topical proline alone, though it is recognized as a key structural component in skin biology and collagen formation.
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Sodium lactate is a salt derived from lactic acid that acts as a humectant and pH buffer in skincare products. It helps draw moisture into the skin and maintain the product's stability.
Benefits
- Humectant that attracts and retains water in the skin
- Helps maintain skin hydration and plumpness
- Gentle pH buffer that stabilizes formulations
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available specifically for topical skincare use. The provided research focuses on medical applications (intravenous use in shock treatment) and cellular mechanisms unrelated to cosmetic skincare; these do not directly inform safety or efficacy for topical skin application.
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Ethylhexylglycerin is a preservative and antimicrobial ingredient used to prevent bacterial growth and extend shelf life in skincare products. It's a multifunctional ingredient that helps keep formulations stable and free from contamination.
Benefits
- Prevents bacterial contamination in products
- Helps extend product shelf life
- Works synergistically with other preservatives for enhanced protection
Potential concerns
- May not be effective against all bacterial species (notably some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains)
- Preservative-related sensitization possible in sensitive individuals, though uncommon
Science: Research shows ethylhexylglycerin has broad antimicrobial activity against many common cosmetic contaminants, though effectiveness varies by bacterial species. Studies demonstrate it can work synergistically with other preservative components to enhance biofilm inhibition.
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Chlorphenesin is a synthetic preservative used in skincare products to prevent bacterial and fungal growth, extending shelf life. It's a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that helps keep products safe from contamination during storage and use.
Benefits
- Prevents microbial contamination in skincare formulations
- Extends product shelf life
- Allows formulas to remain stable without refrigeration
Potential concerns
- May cause irritation to sensitive eyes and eye area when present in eye products
- Degrades under UV exposure, potentially creating more harmful breakdown products
- Limited long-term safety data in peer-reviewed literature
Science: Research shows chlorphenesin can be toxic to eye tissue cells at approved concentrations, particularly affecting meibomian glands. When exposed to sunlight, it breaks down into compounds like 4-chlorophenol that may be more ecotoxic than the original ingredient, though systemic absorption in skincare is typically minimal.
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Sodium Hydroxide is a strong alkaline chemical used in skincare products primarily as a pH buffer to neutralize acids and adjust the product's pH to safe levels for skin. It is not an active skincare ingredient and appears only in trace amounts in finished products.
Potential concerns
- In concentrated form, sodium hydroxide is caustic and can cause severe chemical burns; however, in cosmetic products it is diluted and pH-buffered to safe levels
- Undiluted or highly concentrated sodium hydroxide should never contact skin directly
Science: The provided research discusses sodium hydroxide only in a specialized medical context (10% solution for surgical cauterization of ingrown toenails), which is not relevant to cosmetic skincare use. In properly formulated skincare products, sodium hydroxide is used in minimal concentrations solely for pH adjustment and is considered safe by regulatory bodies including the FDA and EU.
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Propylene glycol is a lightweight humectant and solvent commonly used in skincare formulations. It helps draw moisture into the skin and improves the texture and spreadability of products.
Benefits
- Hydrates skin by attracting and retaining moisture
- Enhances product texture and makes formulas easier to apply
- Helps active ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively
- Improves stability and shelf life of formulations
Potential concerns
- May cause contact dermatitis or irritation in sensitive individuals
- Can occasionally trigger allergic reactions in susceptible people
- High concentrations may feel sticky or heavy on some skin types
Science: Research confirms propylene glycol acts as a penetration enhancer in topical formulations, improving skin uptake of active ingredients. The ingredient is widely studied and considered safe at typical cosmetic concentrations, though individual sensitivity varies.
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Chondrus Crispus Extract comes from Irish moss, a red seaweed rich in natural compounds called polysaccharides. It's used in skincare for its hydrating and film-forming properties, helping to lock moisture into the skin and create a smoother texture.
Benefits
- Hydration and moisture retention
- Soothing and anti-inflammatory properties
- Improved skin texture and smoothness
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available specifically for cosmetic applications of Chondrus Crispus Extract. The ingredient has a long history of safe use in food and skincare formulations, and seaweed extracts generally are well-tolerated with minimal sensitization risk.
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Neopentyl Glycol Diheptanoate is a synthetic emollient and skin-conditioning agent that helps soften and smooth the skin. It's an ester made from neopentyl glycol and heptanoic acid, commonly used in cosmetics to improve texture and spreadability of formulations.
Benefits
- Softens and conditions skin
- Improves product texture and ease of application
- Lightweight emollient that doesn't feel greasy
Science: Research demonstrates that Neopentyl Glycol Diheptanoate can be synthesized through enzymatic pathways with high purity (95% conversion) without additional purification steps, supporting its safety profile for cosmetic use. Limited peer-reviewed safety or efficacy data specifically addressing this ingredient's performance on human skin.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Portulaca oleracea extract comes from purslane, a succulent plant rich in antioxidants and soothing compounds. In skincare, it's used to calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and support the skin's natural barrier function.
Benefits
- Reduces redness and visible irritation
- Soothes sensitive or inflamed skin
- Improves skin hydration and smoothness
- Supports skin barrier repair
Science: Clinical studies demonstrate that Portulaca oleracea extract, when combined with other soothing ingredients, significantly improves dryness, roughness, and erythema in sensitive skin over 28 days and aids post-procedure skin recovery. Products containing this extract were well-tolerated with no reported adverse effects.
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Isododecane is a lightweight, colorless liquid hydrocarbon used as a solvent and carrier in skincare formulations. It helps dissolve and deliver other active ingredients, particularly oil-soluble compounds like UV filters and silicone polymers, while providing a smooth, non-greasy feel on the skin.
Benefits
- Serves as an effective solvent for oil-soluble actives and UV absorbers
- Enables efficient delivery of ingredients into the skin
- Provides a light, non-occlusive texture in formulations
Science: Research demonstrates that isododecane is a suitable solvent for UV-absorbing sunscreen ingredients and supports effective topical delivery of active compounds through the skin. It is commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations without documented safety concerns at typical use levels.
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Dimethiconol is a silicone-based conditioning agent that forms a smooth, protective layer on skin and hair. It's used in cosmetics to improve texture, reduce moisture loss, and enhance the feel of products.
Benefits
- Smooths and conditions skin surface
- Reduces water loss from skin
- Improves product spreadability and feel
- Helps protect hair color from fading (in hair care products)
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded dimethiconol is safe for cosmetic use at current concentrations, noting it is not absorbed through the skin. Research confirms its effectiveness in hair conditioning and color protection, with no reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenicity concerns identified.
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Bisabolol is a naturally occurring compound found in chamomile and other plants, known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It's used in skincare products to calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
Benefits
- Reduces inflammation and redness
- Soothes irritated or sensitive skin
- Antimicrobial and antifungal properties
- May help manage conditions like seborrheic dermatitis when used in appropriate formulations
Potential concerns
- Rare allergic sensitization possible, particularly in individuals sensitive to chamomile or related plants
Science: Bisabolol is recognized as a safe, plant-derived ingredient and is included in medical device shampoos for inflammatory scalp conditions alongside antifungal agents. It has a long history of use in chamomile products, which are designated 'generally recognized as safe' (GRAS) by the FDA.
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Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is a modified starch derived from corn or potato starch, chemically altered to work as a powder-based anticaking and thickening agent. It prevents clumping in loose powders and helps control texture in cosmetic formulations.
Benefits
- Prevents caking and clumping in powder products
- Improves spreadability and application of loose powders
- Helps maintain consistent product texture over time
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed this ingredient in 2002 and reconfirmed its safety in 2023 based on toxicology studies showing no adverse effects on skin, eyes, or systemic health when used as intended. The ingredient is approved for use at concentrations up to 30% in cosmetics, provided heavy metal impurity limits are met.
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Zinc gluconate is a form of zinc, an essential mineral, used in skincare products to support skin health and barrier function. It's a chelated form of zinc that allows for better absorption and is gentler on skin than some other zinc compounds.
Benefits
- Supports skin barrier function and integrity
- May help regulate sebum production in oily or acne-prone skin
- Provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
- Aids in skin healing and wound repair processes
Potential concerns
- May cause mild irritation or dryness in sensitive individuals at high concentrations
- Excessive zinc intake (from supplements, not topical use) can interfere with copper absorption
- Rare allergic contact dermatitis in sensitized individuals
Science: Zinc gluconate is well-established for its role in skin health and wound healing. A 2025 study in Nature Materials examined zinc gluconate's behavior in oral supplements, demonstrating how it assembles into nanoparticles in the body—this research is primarily relevant to internal supplementation rather than topical skincare applications, but supports zinc's bioavailability and cellular interaction mechanisms.
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Copper gluconate is a copper salt that combines the mineral copper with glucose. In skincare, it's primarily used for its antimicrobial properties to help protect against bacteria and potentially support skin health.
Benefits
- Antimicrobial activity against certain bacteria
- May help reduce microbial biofilm formation
- Potential antiviral properties in oral care applications
Potential concerns
- Copper can cause irritation or sensitization in sensitive skin at high concentrations
- Limited safety data specifically for topical skincare use
- May interact with other active ingredients
Science: Research shows copper gluconate has antimicrobial effects, particularly when combined with other agents like chlorhexidine and xylitol in oral care settings. In vitro studies suggest it may inhibit viral spike protein interactions, though human skincare safety and efficacy data remain limited.
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Benzyl alcohol is a preservative and solvent commonly used in skincare products to prevent bacterial and fungal growth, extending shelf life. It also helps dissolve and mix other ingredients together in formulations.
Benefits
- Preserves product freshness and prevents microbial contamination
- Helps stabilize and blend formula ingredients
- Generally recognized as safe for topical use in cosmetics at approved concentrations
Potential concerns
- Can cause skin irritation or allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- May cause stinging or dryness on broken or compromised skin
- High systemic absorption in infants and neonates is a known concern; products containing benzyl alcohol should be kept away from babies and nursing mothers should avoid application to breast tissue
Science: Benzyl alcohol is widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations as a preservative. Research indicates it has low systemic absorption through intact adult skin at typical cosmetic concentrations, but neonatal toxicity is a documented concern at high doses, warranting caution in products used near infants or during breastfeeding.
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Cetearyl Olivate is a natural emulsifier and skin-conditioning agent derived from olive oil. It helps blend oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare products while leaving skin feeling soft and moisturized.
Benefits
- Helps create smooth, stable product texture
- Provides light moisturizing properties
- Derived from natural olive oil
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. Cetearyl Olivate is widely used in cosmetics as a safe, naturally-derived emulsifier with a strong safety history in consumer skincare products.
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Sorbitan Olivate is an emulsifier derived from sorbitol (a natural sugar alcohol) and olive oil fatty acids. It helps mix oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare formulations, creating stable, smooth products.
Benefits
- Stabilizes product texture and prevents separation of oils and water
- Derived from natural olive oil, aligning with plant-based ingredient preferences
- Allows for creation of lighter, more elegant formulations
Potential concerns
- Generally mild skin irritant in some individuals; minimal irritation in most clinical studies
- Rare allergic contact dermatitis reported in fewer than 1% of sensitive individuals
- May cause greater irritation when combined with fragrance components
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded Sorbitan Olivate is safe for cosmetic use at concentrations typically below 10%. Clinical studies show it is generally a minimal to mild skin irritant and nonsensitizing in the general population, though rare allergic reactions have been documented in individuals with contact dermatitis.
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Sodium PCA is a natural humectant—a moisture-binding ingredient derived from pyrrolidone carboxylic acid—that helps skin attract and retain water. It works by drawing hydration into the outer layers of skin, making it a gentle, well-tolerated moisturizing agent.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes skin by binding water to the stratum corneum
- Helps improve skin softness and smoothness
- Well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2019) concluded that sodium PCA is safe for use in cosmetics at current concentrations and practices. Research confirms it localizes effectively in the outer skin layer where it functions as a humectant, with no significant safety concerns identified in peer-reviewed assessments.
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A synthetic polymer that acts as a film-former and thickening agent in skincare products. It creates a light, flexible layer on the skin's surface to help products spread smoothly and improve texture without feeling heavy.
Benefits
- Creates a smooth, even texture in formulations
- Helps products adhere better to skin
- Contributes to lightweight, non-greasy feel
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed vinylpyrrolidone polymers (the VP component of this ingredient) and determined that 27 of 30 polymers in this class are safe for cosmetic use at typical concentrations. This specific copolymer was included in the safe-to-use category.
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Magnesium Aspartate is a mineral compound that combines magnesium with aspartic acid. In skincare, it is primarily used as a skin-conditioning agent and may support overall skin health, though its topical benefits are modest compared to its documented internal use.
Benefits
- May help maintain skin hydration and barrier function
- Provides magnesium, a mineral involved in skin cell health
- Generally well-tolerated with minimal irritation potential
Science: The available scientific literature focuses on magnesium aspartate's internal use for liver and cholestatic conditions rather than topical skincare applications. No peer-reviewed studies were identified examining this ingredient's direct effects on skin health or cosmetic efficacy when applied topically.
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