Ingredients
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Dimethicone is a silicone-based ingredient that forms a smooth, protective layer on your skin. It helps lock in moisture, creates a soft feel, and is commonly used in moisturizers and primers to improve product texture and skin hydration.
Benefits
- Improves skin hydration by creating a moisture-barrier layer
- Provides a smooth, silky feel to products and on skin
- Well-tolerated by sensitive and atopic (eczema-prone) skin
- Non-greasy alternative to heavier oils
Science: Clinical studies demonstrate dimethicone is safe and well-tolerated in children with atopic dermatitis from 12 months of age. Research shows moisturizers containing dimethicone effectively improve skin hydration in mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis patients over 14 days.
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Caprylyl glycol is a preservative and skin-conditioning ingredient derived from coconut oil. It helps prevent bacterial and mold growth in skincare products while also providing mild hydrating and humectant benefits to the skin.
Benefits
- Helps preserve product freshness and prevent contamination
- Provides gentle humectant properties to help retain skin moisture
- Often used as a gentler alternative to traditional preservatives
Potential concerns
- Rare cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported in sensitive individuals
- May cause irritation in those with known sensitivity to glycols
Science: A 200-subject repeat patch test study found no delayed hypersensitivity reactions to caprylyl glycol at typical use concentrations. However, isolated case reports of allergic contact dermatitis exist, suggesting it can act as an allergen in susceptible individuals. It is widely used in infant and sensitive-skin formulations as a preservative alternative.
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Phenoxyethanol is a preservative that prevents bacteria, yeast, and mold from growing in skincare products, helping them stay fresh and safe to use. It has been used safely in cosmetics for decades and is effective at very low concentrations.
Benefits
- Prevents microbial contamination and product spoilage
- Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast
- Minimal impact on beneficial skin bacteria when used at approved levels
Potential concerns
- Rare allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- May cause irritation if used in products at concentrations above 1%
Science: The European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety considers phenoxyethanol safe for all consumers, including children, at concentrations up to 1%. Adverse effects observed in animal studies required exposure levels approximately 200 times higher than those in cosmetic products, and it is classified as one of the most well-tolerated preservatives in cosmetics.
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Sodium chloride is common table salt, used in skincare products as a texture modifier, preservative, and to help balance formulations. In small amounts, it's generally well-tolerated by skin.
Benefits
- Helps preserve product stability
- Can enhance skin hydration when used in appropriate concentrations
- Improves product texture and consistency
Potential concerns
- High concentrations may irritate sensitive or compromised skin
- Excessive topical salt exposure can potentially disrupt skin barrier function
- May cause dryness or tightness in some individuals
Science: Sodium chloride is a naturally occurring electrolyte essential to skin physiology. Research indicates the skin actively regulates sodium levels through complex mechanisms involving the endothelium, immune cells, and lymphatics; however, peer-reviewed data specifically addressing topical sodium chloride in cosmetic formulations at typical use levels is limited.
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Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects skin from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. It helps maintain skin's natural barrier function and is commonly used in skincare products to prevent premature aging and support overall skin health.
Benefits
- Protects skin from free radical damage and oxidative stress
- Supports skin barrier function and moisture retention
- May help reduce signs of aging caused by UV exposure and environmental damage
- Works as a lipid antioxidant to prevent degradation of skin oils
Science: Tocopherol (α-tocopherol) is recognized in peer-reviewed research as a key endogenous defense mechanism against oxidative stress in aging skin, particularly from UV-induced damage. Studies confirm it functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant capable of preventing lipid peroxidation, with established efficacy in cosmetic and therapeutic applications.
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Disteardimonium hectorite is a clay-derived mineral ingredient used as a thickener and absorbent in cosmetics. It helps create a smooth texture, absorb excess oil, and improve the spreadability of skincare and makeup products.
Benefits
- Absorbs excess oil and sebum
- Improves product texture and consistency
- Helps products spread evenly on skin
Potential concerns
- May cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- Documented cases of positive patch test reactions when used in cosmetic formulations
Science: A 2020 case study in Contact Dermatitis documented allergic sensitization to disteardimonium hectorite when patch tested as part of a cosmetic formulation, though this appears to be a rare reaction. Limited peer-reviewed safety data exists for this ingredient in general use.
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Silica is a mineral powder derived from silicon dioxide that's commonly used in skincare and makeup products. It works primarily as a texture enhancer and absorbent, helping to mattify skin, improve product feel, and absorb excess oil.
Benefits
- Mattifies skin and reduces shine
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Absorbs excess sebum and moisture
- Creates a smooth, refined appearance
Potential concerns
- When used as nanoparticles, potential for skin penetration remains under study
- Inhalation of silica powder (primarily occupational concern) has known health risks; topical use in cosmetics is considered lower risk
- Listed among potential carcinogenic substances in cosmetic formulations, though safe use levels and regulatory limits are established in the EU and US
Science: A 2023 review of European facial cosmetics identified silica among potential carcinogenic ingredients present in commercial products, though this reflects presence rather than proven harm at typical use concentrations. Research on silica nanoparticles suggests they are being developed for cosmetic use, but percutaneous penetration and long-term safety data remain limited. Regulatory agencies (EU, FDA) have established safe concentration limits for cosmetic use.
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Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a lightweight oil derived from coconut that acts as an emollient and helps formulations blend smoothly. It softens skin and reduces water loss by creating an occlusive barrier on the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Improves skin hydration and reduces transepidermal water loss (TEWL)
- Lightweight, non-greasy feel compared to heavier oils
- Helps deliver other active ingredients deeper into the skin
- Smooth, silky texture in skincare formulations
Science: Research shows that emulsions containing 15% caprylic/capric triglyceride significantly increase skin hydration and reduce water loss in healthy subjects. The ingredient is also used as an effective carrier oil in nanoemulsions to enhance penetration of active compounds into skin.
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Disodium EDTA is a chelating agent that binds to metals and minerals in skincare formulations. It helps stabilize products, prevent discoloration, and improve texture by controlling how other ingredients behave in the formula.
Benefits
- Stabilizes skincare formulations and extends shelf life
- Prevents oxidation and discoloration of products
- Improves product texture and consistency
Potential concerns
- May increase skin penetration of other ingredients in the formula
- Not absorbed through skin under normal use, but inhalation from sprays should be minimized
- Can cause irritation at high concentrations, though typical use levels (under 2%) are considered safe
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel confirmed in 2023 that disodium EDTA is safe at typical cosmetic use concentrations (under 2%). Research shows it is not absorbed through intact skin, though it may affect how other ingredients penetrate skin due to its mineral-binding properties. No carcinogenic effects have been identified.
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Alcohol Denat is denatured ethanol (regular alcohol) that has been made undrinkable by adding bitter-tasting substances. It's used in skincare products as a solvent and preservative to help dissolve other ingredients and extend shelf life.
Benefits
- Helps dissolve and blend skincare ingredients together
- Provides preservative function to prevent microbial growth
- Gives products a lightweight, fast-absorbing texture
Potential concerns
- Can be drying or irritating to sensitive skin with repeated use
- May cause stinging if applied to broken skin or open wounds
- High concentrations may trigger irritation in those with sensitive or reactive skin
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that Alcohol Denat and its various forms are safe as used in cosmetics. Denaturants added to prevent accidental ingestion (such as Denatonium Benzoate) show low systemic absorption and minimal irritation at typical skincare concentrations.
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Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate is a synthetic antioxidant derived from plant-based compounds. It works by neutralizing free radicals and oxidative stress on the skin, helping to protect against environmental damage and support skin stability in formulations.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection against free radicals
- Helps prevent product oxidation and degradation
- May support skin defense against environmental stressors
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is structurally related to known antioxidant compounds and is used in cosmetics at low concentrations, with no significant safety concerns reported in cosmetic safety databases.
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Propylene carbonate is a clear, odorless liquid that acts as a solvent in skincare formulations, helping to dissolve and deliver other active ingredients effectively into the skin. It's also used to improve the texture and consistency of products like ointments and serums.
Benefits
- Enhances penetration and delivery of active ingredients into the skin
- Helps maintain product stability and consistency
- Allows formulation of ingredients that would otherwise be difficult to dissolve
Potential concerns
- Generally recognized as safe for topical use, but may cause irritation in sensitive individuals at high concentrations
- Limited long-term safety data specific to skincare applications in everyday consumers
Science: Research shows propylene carbonate is effective as a solvent vehicle in topical formulations, successfully delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients like fluoride and paclitaxel through the skin with good tolerability after repeated application. However, most published data focuses on pharmaceutical rather than cosmetic skincare use.
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Polymethylsilsesquioxane is a silica-based powder derived from silicon that acts as a lightweight filler and texture enhancer in skincare products. It helps absorb oils, create a smooth matte finish, and improve how products feel and spread on the skin.
Benefits
- Creates a smooth, velvety texture on skin
- Helps absorb excess oil and sebum
- Provides a matte finish without a heavy feel
- Improves product spreadability and blendability
Science: Recent research confirms polymethylsilsesquioxane is a hydrophobic silica polymer with high biocompatibility, synthesized using non-toxic methods. Its safety profile aligns with established silica filler use in cosmetics, though direct dermatological safety studies in skincare formulations are limited.
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Cyclopentasiloxane is a lightweight silicone fluid commonly used in skincare products as an emollient and slip agent. It helps products glide smoothly onto skin and creates a soft, silky feel without leaving a greasy residue.
Benefits
- Smooth application and comfortable feel
- Lightweight moisturizing layer
- Helps other ingredients spread evenly across skin
Potential concerns
- May not be suitable for acne-prone skin as it can be occlusive
- Some people prefer to avoid silicones due to environmental concerns
- Can accumulate on skin if not properly cleansed
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient in skincare efficacy studies. Cyclopentasiloxane is widely used in cosmetics and considered safe by regulatory bodies, though some environmental persistence concerns have been noted in chemical literature.
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Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a lightweight, silky emollient and texture enhancer derived from coconut oil. It helps products feel smooth and non-greasy on skin while improving how easily the formula spreads and absorbs.
Benefits
- Creates a smooth, silky texture in formulas
- Provides light hydration without a heavy or oily feel
- Improves product spreadability and absorption
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is widely recognized as safe by cosmetic regulatory bodies (including the CosIng database) and has a long history of use in skincare and cosmetic formulations without notable safety concerns.
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Cyclohexasiloxane is a silicone-derived conditioning agent that creates a smooth, lightweight feel on skin and hair. It helps products glide smoothly and can improve the texture and appearance of formulations without leaving a heavy residue.
Benefits
- Smooths and conditions skin and hair
- Creates a lightweight, non-greasy feel
- Improves product spreadability and texture
Potential concerns
- Minimal absorption through skin, but potential bioaccumulation concerns remain under investigation—regulatory agencies continue to evaluate whether this ingredient meets persistence and bioaccumulation criteria
- Not recommended for users concerned about persistent chemicals in the environment
Science: Multiple toxicity studies show no skin irritation, sensitization, or genotoxicity concerns at typical cosmetic concentrations. However, recent 2024 research flags that cyclohexasiloxane (D6) may have bioaccumulation potential similar to its predecessors D4 and D5, which were restricted due to PBT/vPvB classification; regulatory review is ongoing and recommendations may change.
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Dicaprylyl Ether is a lightweight emollient derived from fatty acids that helps soften and smooth the skin. It works by creating a protective layer on the skin's surface, improving texture and moisture retention without leaving a greasy feel.
Benefits
- Softens and conditions skin
- Lightweight, non-greasy texture
- Improves skin smoothness
- Enhances product spreadability
Science: An Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) assessed dicaprylyl ether as part of a group of fatty ethers used in cosmetics and concluded these ingredients are safe for use in cosmetic formulations at typical concentrations.
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Nylon-12 is a microplastic powder used in cosmetics as an absorbent and texture-enhancing agent. It helps products feel smooth, absorb excess oil, and improve spreadability on skin.
Benefits
- Absorbs excess sebum and oil
- Improves product texture and feel
- Provides a smooth, matte finish
Potential concerns
- Microplastic ingredient with potential environmental persistence
- May contribute to microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems when washed down the drain
- Electrostatic adhesion to skin could theoretically trap bacteria or disrupt skin microbiome (limited evidence in humans)
Science: Research shows nylon polymers are microplastics that can adhere to aquatic microorganisms and disrupt their function. While direct human skin safety data is limited, growing concern about microplastic accumulation in the environment and potential bioaccumulation warrants caution. Regulatory bodies in some regions are restricting microplastics in rinse-off cosmetics.
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Poly C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate is a synthetic polymer used primarily as a film-forming agent and texture enhancer in skincare products. It creates a lightweight, flexible coating on the skin that helps products feel smooth and can improve their staying power.
Benefits
- Creates a smooth, even texture on skin
- Helps products adhere better and last longer
- Provides a light, non-greasy feel
Potential concerns
- Potential for buildup with repeated layering of multiple products
- May trap moisture and heat if applied too thickly on sensitive skin
- Rarely, can cause mild irritation in individuals with polymer sensitivities
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is generally recognized as safe in cosmetic formulations and is approved by major regulatory bodies (EU, FDA) for use in skincare at typical concentrations.
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P-Anisic acid is a naturally-derived compound that acts as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in skincare products. It helps prevent bacterial and microbial growth, making it an alternative to some traditional chemical preservatives, particularly in products designed for sensitive or infant skin.
Benefits
- Antimicrobial properties help preserve product shelf life
- May promote gentle skin cell growth at appropriate concentrations
- Well-tolerated by skin cells with minimal irritation risk
- Considered a gentler preservative option for sensitive formulations
Potential concerns
- At very high concentrations (100+ µg/mL), may slightly reduce skin cell proliferation
- Limited safety data in real-world skincare applications outside controlled laboratory studies
Science: Recent research demonstrates that p-anisic acid shows good biocompatibility with skin cells and can be effectively delivered through polymer systems without causing cytotoxicity at typical use levels. It is being investigated as a preservative replacement in cosmetics for sensitive populations and infant products.
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Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer is a synthetic polymer used as a film-forming and binding agent in skincare products. It creates a lightweight, flexible layer on the skin's surface that helps products adhere better and can provide a subtle smoothing or mattifying effect.
Benefits
- Improves product texture and wear
- Provides light film-forming properties for a smooth finish
- Helps bind other ingredients together
Potential concerns
- Potential for buildup with repeated layering
- May feel occlusive on sensitive or acne-prone skin if overused
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. Styrene/Acrylates Copolymers are widely used in cosmetics and generally recognized as safe by regulatory bodies, though individual sensitivities can vary.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Isostearyl alcohol is a fatty alcohol derived from isostearic acid, commonly used in skincare products as an emollient and thickening agent. It helps soften skin, improve product texture, and enhance the penetration of other ingredients into the skin.
Benefits
- Softens and moisturizes skin
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Enhances skin penetration of active ingredients
- Provides mild occlusive properties
Potential concerns
- Can cause contact sensitization in some individuals, particularly at concentrations around 5% or higher
- May trigger allergic reactions or dermatitis in sensitive skin types
- Risk increases when used in occlusive formulations like antiperspirants
Science: Clinical patch testing studies identified isostearyl alcohol as a sensitizing agent in a small but notable percentage of users (approximately 4-10% in tested populations). Research also confirms its effectiveness as a skin penetration enhancer in transdermal delivery systems, which may increase both benefits and irritation risk depending on formulation and individual sensitivity.
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