Ingredients
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Dimethicone is a silicone-based ingredient that forms a smooth, protective layer on your skin. It helps lock in moisture, creates a soft feel, and is commonly used in moisturizers and primers to improve product texture and skin hydration.
Benefits
- Improves skin hydration by creating a moisture-barrier layer
- Provides a smooth, silky feel to products and on skin
- Well-tolerated by sensitive and atopic (eczema-prone) skin
- Non-greasy alternative to heavier oils
Science: Clinical studies demonstrate dimethicone is safe and well-tolerated in children with atopic dermatitis from 12 months of age. Research shows moisturizers containing dimethicone effectively improve skin hydration in mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis patients over 14 days.
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Glycerin is a naturally derived humectant—a ingredient that draws moisture from the air into your skin. It's one of the most widely used and well-studied moisturizing agents in skincare, helping skin feel softer and more hydrated.
Benefits
- Attracts and retains moisture in the skin
- Improves skin hydration and softness
- Helps strengthen skin barrier function
- Suitable for most skin types, including sensitive skin
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded glycerin is safe as used in cosmetics across all concentrations. Research shows glycerin effectively improves skin hydration and is well-tolerated with minimal irritation risk. It is also referenced in clinical guidelines for managing inflammatory skin conditions and maintaining skin integrity.
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Sodium hyaluronate is the salt form of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance found in your skin that acts like a moisture magnet. In skincare products, it absorbs water from the environment and binds it to your skin, helping to hydrate and plump the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Delivers intense hydration to the skin
- Helps reduce the appearance of fine lines by improving skin moisture
- Supports skin barrier function
- Suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and oily skin
Potential concerns
- In very dry climates with low humidity, it may draw moisture from deeper skin layers if not sealed with an occlusive product
- Rare allergic reactions are possible but extremely uncommon
Science: While the provided research focuses on intra-articular injections for joint health (showing good safety and efficacy), hyaluronic acid and its salt form are well-established in dermatology for topical hydration. The molecule's safety profile is well-documented across decades of use in medical and cosmetic applications, with severe adverse reactions being extremely rare.
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Caprylyl glycol is a preservative and skin-conditioning ingredient derived from coconut oil. It helps prevent bacterial and mold growth in skincare products while also providing mild hydrating and humectant benefits to the skin.
Benefits
- Helps preserve product freshness and prevent contamination
- Provides gentle humectant properties to help retain skin moisture
- Often used as a gentler alternative to traditional preservatives
Potential concerns
- Rare cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported in sensitive individuals
- May cause irritation in those with known sensitivity to glycols
Science: A 200-subject repeat patch test study found no delayed hypersensitivity reactions to caprylyl glycol at typical use concentrations. However, isolated case reports of allergic contact dermatitis exist, suggesting it can act as an allergen in susceptible individuals. It is widely used in infant and sensitive-skin formulations as a preservative alternative.
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Disodium EDTA is a chelating agent that binds to metals and minerals in skincare formulations, helping to preserve product stability and extend shelf life. It's used in small amounts (typically under 2%) to prevent unwanted chemical reactions that could degrade the formula.
Benefits
- Stabilizes cosmetic formulations by binding trace metals
- Extends product shelf life and maintains efficacy
- Allows other skincare ingredients to work more effectively
Potential concerns
- May increase skin penetration of other ingredients by chelating calcium in the skin barrier—only a concern if combined with potentially harmful substances
- Not absorbed through skin in normal use, but inhalation from sprays was identified as a theoretical concern in safety assessments
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel confirmed safety in 2023 based on standard use concentrations. Clinical studies show no skin absorption; however, it can affect how other chemicals penetrate the skin, so formulators must account for this when combining with other actives.
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Phenoxyethanol is a preservative that prevents bacteria, yeast, and mold from growing in skincare products, helping them stay fresh and safe to use. It has been used safely in cosmetics for decades and is effective at very low concentrations.
Benefits
- Prevents microbial contamination and product spoilage
- Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast
- Minimal impact on beneficial skin bacteria when used at approved levels
Potential concerns
- Rare allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- May cause irritation if used in products at concentrations above 1%
Science: The European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety considers phenoxyethanol safe for all consumers, including children, at concentrations up to 1%. Adverse effects observed in animal studies required exposure levels approximately 200 times higher than those in cosmetic products, and it is classified as one of the most well-tolerated preservatives in cosmetics.
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Sodium chloride is common table salt, used in skincare products as a texture modifier, preservative, and to help balance formulations. In small amounts, it's generally well-tolerated by skin.
Benefits
- Helps preserve product stability
- Can enhance skin hydration when used in appropriate concentrations
- Improves product texture and consistency
Potential concerns
- High concentrations may irritate sensitive or compromised skin
- Excessive topical salt exposure can potentially disrupt skin barrier function
- May cause dryness or tightness in some individuals
Science: Sodium chloride is a naturally occurring electrolyte essential to skin physiology. Research indicates the skin actively regulates sodium levels through complex mechanisms involving the endothelium, immune cells, and lymphatics; however, peer-reviewed data specifically addressing topical sodium chloride in cosmetic formulations at typical use levels is limited.
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Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects skin from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. It helps maintain skin's natural barrier function and is commonly used in skincare products to prevent premature aging and support overall skin health.
Benefits
- Protects skin from free radical damage and oxidative stress
- Supports skin barrier function and moisture retention
- May help reduce signs of aging caused by UV exposure and environmental damage
- Works as a lipid antioxidant to prevent degradation of skin oils
Science: Tocopherol (α-tocopherol) is recognized in peer-reviewed research as a key endogenous defense mechanism against oxidative stress in aging skin, particularly from UV-induced damage. Studies confirm it functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant capable of preventing lipid peroxidation, with established efficacy in cosmetic and therapeutic applications.
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Ethylhexylglycerin is a preservative and antimicrobial ingredient used to prevent bacterial growth and extend shelf life in skincare products. It's a multifunctional ingredient that helps keep formulations stable and free from contamination.
Benefits
- Prevents bacterial contamination in products
- Helps extend product shelf life
- Works synergistically with other preservatives for enhanced protection
Potential concerns
- May not be effective against all bacterial species (notably some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains)
- Preservative-related sensitization possible in sensitive individuals, though uncommon
Science: Research shows ethylhexylglycerin has broad antimicrobial activity against many common cosmetic contaminants, though effectiveness varies by bacterial species. Studies demonstrate it can work synergistically with other preservative components to enhance biofilm inhibition.
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Disteardimonium hectorite is a clay-derived mineral ingredient used as a thickener and absorbent in cosmetics. It helps create a smooth texture, absorb excess oil, and improve the spreadability of skincare and makeup products.
Benefits
- Absorbs excess oil and sebum
- Improves product texture and consistency
- Helps products spread evenly on skin
Potential concerns
- May cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- Documented cases of positive patch test reactions when used in cosmetic formulations
Science: A 2020 case study in Contact Dermatitis documented allergic sensitization to disteardimonium hectorite when patch tested as part of a cosmetic formulation, though this appears to be a rare reaction. Limited peer-reviewed safety data exists for this ingredient in general use.
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Squalane is a lightweight, skin-identical oil derived from squalene (a natural component of human sebum). It absorbs easily into the skin to lock in moisture and create a smooth, soft feel without leaving a greasy residue.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes skin
- Mimics skin's natural oils for better compatibility
- Lightweight emollient that doesn't clog pores
- Antioxidant properties
- Well-tolerated by most skin types
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel confirmed squalane is safe for cosmetic use at typical concentrations (2023). Research demonstrates skin hydrating and emollient activity, and squalane is naturally present in human sebum at ~13%, making it biocompatible with skin.
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Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a lightweight oil derived from coconut that acts as an emollient and helps formulations blend smoothly. It softens skin and reduces water loss by creating an occlusive barrier on the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Improves skin hydration and reduces transepidermal water loss (TEWL)
- Lightweight, non-greasy feel compared to heavier oils
- Helps deliver other active ingredients deeper into the skin
- Smooth, silky texture in skincare formulations
Science: Research shows that emulsions containing 15% caprylic/capric triglyceride significantly increase skin hydration and reduce water loss in healthy subjects. The ingredient is also used as an effective carrier oil in nanoemulsions to enhance penetration of active compounds into skin.
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Aluminum hydroxide is a mineral compound that acts as a buffering agent and pH adjuster in skincare formulations. In cosmetics, it helps stabilize products and maintain their acidity balance rather than providing direct skincare benefits to your skin.
Benefits
- Helps stabilize product pH
- Improves product texture and consistency
- Functions as an absorbent in certain formulations
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that aluminum hydroxide is safe as used in cosmetics at current concentrations. The FDA has evaluated aluminum hydroxide for safety in both medical devices and over-the-counter medications, with no significant safety concerns identified for topical cosmetic use.
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Propylene glycol is a lightweight humectant and solvent commonly used in skincare formulations. It helps draw moisture into the skin and improves the texture and spreadability of products.
Benefits
- Hydrates skin by attracting and retaining moisture
- Enhances product texture and makes formulas easier to apply
- Helps active ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively
- Improves stability and shelf life of formulations
Potential concerns
- May cause contact dermatitis or irritation in sensitive individuals
- Can occasionally trigger allergic reactions in susceptible people
- High concentrations may feel sticky or heavy on some skin types
Science: Research confirms propylene glycol acts as a penetration enhancer in topical formulations, improving skin uptake of active ingredients. The ingredient is widely studied and considered safe at typical cosmetic concentrations, though individual sensitivity varies.
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Tin Oxide is a mineral powder used in cosmetics primarily as a colorant and opacifying agent to create a smooth, matte finish in powders and foundations. It's an inert mineral that sits on top of the skin rather than being absorbed.
Benefits
- Provides opacity and coverage in powder formulations
- Creates a matte or satin finish
- Inert and unlikely to cause irritation in topical skincare use
Potential concerns
- Inhalation of powder particles should be avoided; inhaling tin oxide dust in industrial settings has been linked to lung concerns, though cosmetic powder use is a different exposure route
- No significant skin or eye irritation reported in normal cosmetic use
Science: The available research focuses on occupational inhalation hazards in industrial manufacturing rather than cosmetic use on skin. Tin oxide is poorly soluble and remains on the skin surface, making systemic absorption unlikely from topical application. Limited peer-reviewed data specifically addresses safety in finished skincare products.
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Triethoxycaprylylsilane is a silicone-based coating agent used to modify the surface of pigments (like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide) in cosmetic formulations. It makes pigments more compatible with cosmetic formulas and can improve product texture and stability.
Benefits
- Improves pigment dispersion in formulations
- Enhances product stability and texture
- Reduces pigment clumping in finished products
Potential concerns
- Limited safety data available for direct skin exposure
- Inhalation toxicity concerns noted in occupational settings with nanoparticles
Science: Available research focuses on triethoxycaprylylsilane as a coating on zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in occupational inhalation studies, not topical skincare use. In cosmetic formulations, this ingredient functions as a surface modifier for pigments and is not typically absorbed through intact skin in meaningful amounts.
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Synthetic fluorphlogopite is a mineral-derived ingredient made from magnesium silicate. It works as a bulking agent and thickener in cosmetic formulas, helping to create the right texture and consistency in products like foundations, powders, and creams.
Benefits
- Thickens and stabilizes product texture
- Improves spreadability and application
- Provides a smooth, even finish
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel evaluated synthetic fluorphlogopite and concluded it is safe for use in cosmetics at typical concentrations. The ingredient has a well-established safety profile similar to other magnesium silicates used in skincare.
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Pentaerythrityl Tetra-Di-T-Butyl Hydroxyhydrocinnamate is a synthetic antioxidant used to prevent oils and fats in skincare formulas from oxidizing and going rancid. It helps extend product shelf life and maintain stability, particularly in products containing oils or vitamin E.
Benefits
- Prevents product degradation and rancidity
- Helps stabilize oils and fat-soluble actives like vitamin E
- Extends shelf life without refrigeration
Potential concerns
- Very rare allergic contact dermatitis reported in sensitive individuals
- May cause irritation in those with known sensitivities to phenolic antioxidants
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available specifically for this ingredient. It is chemically related to established food-grade antioxidants and has a strong safety history in cosmetic use, though isolated cases of contact sensitization have been documented in vulnerable populations.
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Octyldodecanol is a lightweight emollient oil derived from fatty alcohols that mimics the skin's natural oils. It's used in skincare products to soften and smooth the skin while helping other ingredients penetrate effectively.
Benefits
- Softens and conditions skin
- Helps other active ingredients absorb better into skin
- Creates a smooth, non-greasy feel
- Stabilizes product formulations
Science: Research shows octyldodecanol is highly lipophilic (oil-loving) and can enhance the skin's absorption of other cosmetic ingredients. It is well-tolerated and has been safely used in cosmetic formulations for decades with no notable adverse effects reported in peer-reviewed literature.
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Propylene carbonate is a clear, odorless liquid that acts as a solvent in skincare formulations, helping to dissolve and deliver other active ingredients effectively into the skin. It's also used to improve the texture and consistency of products like ointments and serums.
Benefits
- Enhances penetration and delivery of active ingredients into the skin
- Helps maintain product stability and consistency
- Allows formulation of ingredients that would otherwise be difficult to dissolve
Potential concerns
- Generally recognized as safe for topical use, but may cause irritation in sensitive individuals at high concentrations
- Limited long-term safety data specific to skincare applications in everyday consumers
Science: Research shows propylene carbonate is effective as a solvent vehicle in topical formulations, successfully delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients like fluoride and paclitaxel through the skin with good tolerability after repeated application. However, most published data focuses on pharmaceutical rather than cosmetic skincare use.
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Sunflower seed oil is a natural plant oil extracted from sunflower seeds. In skincare, it acts as a moisturizer and emollient, helping to soften and hydrate the skin while forming a protective barrier on the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Hydration and moisturizing
- Skin softening and smoothing
- Rich in antioxidants and vitamin E
Science: Recent research shows sunflower oil does not trigger cross-reactivity with common allergens like nickel or Compositae plant allergens, supporting its safety profile for sensitive skin. It is well-tolerated and has a long history of safe use in cosmetics.
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Hydrolyzed Sodium Hyaluronate is a smaller, broken-down form of hyaluronic acid that penetrates skin more easily than its larger counterpart. It works as a humectant, drawing moisture from the environment into your skin to keep it hydrated and plump.
Benefits
- Deep hydration and moisture retention
- Improved skin plumpness and elasticity
- Lightweight texture that absorbs quickly
Science: Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives are well-established humectants with extensive safety data and a long history of use in cosmetics. Limited peer-reviewed data available specifically for the hydrolyzed sodium form, but it follows the same safety profile as other hyaluronic acid derivatives.
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Hydrogenated Styrene/Isoprene Copolymer is a synthetic polymer (plastic-like material) used as a film-former and texture enhancer in skincare products. It creates a smooth, flexible coating on the skin that can help products feel lighter and improve their spreadability.
Benefits
- Improves product texture and feel on skin
- Creates a light, non-greasy finish
- Helps products spread evenly
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is generally recognized as safe in cosmetic formulations and is used primarily for sensory and performance purposes rather than active skincare benefits.
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Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate is an emulsifier that helps blend oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare formulas. It's particularly useful in sunscreen and moisturizer products to create stable, smooth textures.
Benefits
- Stabilizes emulsions for longer shelf life
- Helps control how quickly active ingredients like sunscreens are absorbed into skin
- Creates smooth, even product texture
Science: Research shows this emulsifier can modulate skin permeation of sunscreen actives, potentially reducing unwanted absorption when used in formulations—a desirable safety feature. It has an established safety profile in cosmetic use.
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Polymethylsilsesquioxane is a silica-based powder derived from silicon that acts as a lightweight filler and texture enhancer in skincare products. It helps absorb oils, create a smooth matte finish, and improve how products feel and spread on the skin.
Benefits
- Creates a smooth, velvety texture on skin
- Helps absorb excess oil and sebum
- Provides a matte finish without a heavy feel
- Improves product spreadability and blendability
Science: Recent research confirms polymethylsilsesquioxane is a hydrophobic silica polymer with high biocompatibility, synthesized using non-toxic methods. Its safety profile aligns with established silica filler use in cosmetics, though direct dermatological safety studies in skincare formulations are limited.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 Dimethicone is a silicone-based emulsifier and conditioning agent that helps blend water and oil-based ingredients together in skincare products. It creates a smooth texture and helps products spread easily across the skin while providing a silky feel.
Benefits
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Helps stabilize formulations by mixing incompatible ingredients
- Provides a smooth, non-greasy skin feel
Potential concerns
- Rare but documented cases of allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- May cause irritation in people with silicone sensitivities
Science: A 2018 case study documented allergic contact dermatitis from this ingredient in a deodorant product, indicating it can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, though such cases appear uncommon in the general population.
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Isoamyl Laurate is a lightweight emollient ester derived from natural sources. It works by softening and conditioning the skin, helping products spread smoothly while creating a subtle protective layer that reduces moisture loss.
Benefits
- Smooths and softens skin texture
- Improves product spreadability and absorption
- Provides light, non-greasy moisture
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is structurally similar to other ester emollients with established safety profiles and is listed as safe by major cosmetic regulatory bodies including the CIR Expert Panel.
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Ethylhexyl Hydroxystearate is a synthetic emollient and thickening agent derived from stearic acid. It helps bind water and oil together in formulas while creating a smooth, non-greasy feel on skin.
Benefits
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Provides lightweight moisturizing without heaviness
- Helps stabilize emulsions and prevent separation
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. It is derived from naturally-occurring stearic acid and is well-tolerated in cosmetic formulations at typical use levels, with no established sensitization concerns in the broader literature on similar synthetic esters.
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Calendula officinalis flower extract is derived from marigold flowers and has been used traditionally to support skin healing and comfort. In skincare products, it's included for its potential anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
Benefits
- May help reduce inflammation and redness
- Supports skin healing and recovery processes
- Provides soothing comfort to irritated skin
Potential concerns
- Potential for allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals or those allergic to plants in the Asteraceae family (ragweed, chamomile, etc.)
- Limited evidence for effectiveness in chronic wound conditions and some skin concerns
Science: Animal studies show moderate evidence that calendula extract accelerates the inflammation phase of wound healing and increases granulation tissue production. Clinical evidence is mixed—some trials on acute wounds and venous ulcers show benefit, while studies on diabetic ulcers and burns showed no improvement compared to standard treatments. Larger, well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish efficacy for specific skincare uses.
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