Ingredients
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Glycerin is a naturally derived humectant—a ingredient that draws moisture from the air into your skin. It's one of the most widely used and well-studied moisturizing agents in skincare, helping skin feel softer and more hydrated.
Benefits
- Attracts and retains moisture in the skin
- Improves skin hydration and softness
- Helps strengthen skin barrier function
- Suitable for most skin types, including sensitive skin
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded glycerin is safe as used in cosmetics across all concentrations. Research shows glycerin effectively improves skin hydration and is well-tolerated with minimal irritation risk. It is also referenced in clinical guidelines for managing inflammatory skin conditions and maintaining skin integrity.
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Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid commonly used in skincare products as an exfoliant and pH balancer. It belongs to a group of ingredients called alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) that help remove dead skin cells from the surface.
Benefits
- Gentle exfoliation to improve skin texture and appearance
- Helps reduce the appearance of keratosis and acne
- Balances product pH to maintain skin compatibility
Potential concerns
- Can cause irritation, redness, or sensitivity in some users, especially with prolonged or frequent use
- May increase sun sensitivity — sunscreen use is recommended when using AHA products
- Not suitable for very sensitive or compromised skin without caution
Science: Citric acid is an established AHA used in cosmetics for superficial peeling and skin appearance improvement, though research emphasizes that caution should be exercised due to potential adverse reactions. It is widely produced industrially and well-established in skincare formulations.
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Sodium citrate is a salt derived from citric acid that acts as a pH buffer and preservative in skincare products. It helps stabilize formulations and maintain skin compatibility by regulating acidity levels.
Benefits
- Helps maintain optimal pH balance in skincare formulas
- Preservative that extends product shelf life
- Gentle and well-tolerated by most skin types
Science: Sodium citrate is recognized as safe for topical use in cosmetics and has a long history of food and pharmaceutical applications. The research provided relates to its use as an anticoagulant in medical settings and as a buffering agent in sports nutrition, demonstrating its established safety profile across multiple industries.
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Potassium sorbate is a preservative used in skincare products to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and some bacteria, helping extend shelf life. It's a salt derived from sorbic acid and is commonly used as a gentler alternative to stronger chemical preservatives.
Benefits
- Prevents microbial contamination and mold growth
- Generally considered milder than some other preservatives like benzalkonium chloride
- Allows products to remain effective longer without refrigeration
Potential concerns
- May cause irritation or allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- Not suitable for preservative-free formulations
- Limited effectiveness against some bacteria compared to stronger preservatives
Science: Clinical research suggests potassium sorbate is less damaging to delicate tissues than benzalkonium chloride, making it a preferred alternative preservative in sensitive applications like eye products. However, peer-reviewed safety data specific to topical skincare use in the general population is limited.
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Sodium benzoate is a preservative used in skincare products to prevent bacterial and fungal growth, extending shelf life. It's a salt derived from benzoic acid and is one of the most widely used preservatives in cosmetics, skincare, and food products.
Benefits
- Prevents microbial contamination and extends product shelf life
- Generally effective at low concentrations (0.1-0.5%)
- Approved for cosmetic use by major regulatory bodies
Potential concerns
- Can cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals; identified as an allergen in medical hand cleansers
- Recent research suggests long-term oral intake may affect bone health and increase osteoporosis risk, though topical skincare exposure is minimal
Science: Sodium benzoate is well-established as a safe preservative in cosmetics at typical use levels. However, emerging research indicates that chronic systemic intake may interfere with bone metabolism through the FGF2/p38/RUNX2 pathway. For topical skincare use, the exposure and absorption are minimal compared to dietary intake, but individuals with known sensitivities should avoid it.
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Propanediol is a lightweight humectant—a molecule that draws water into the skin to keep it hydrated. It's also used in cosmetic formulations as a solvent and preservative booster, helping products stay stable and feel smooth on the skin.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes the skin
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Helps preserve formulations naturally
Science: Propanediol can be produced through bio-based fermentation (from glycerol using microorganisms), making it an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical synthesis. It is widely recognized as safe in cosmetic and food applications, with established use as both a humectant and preservative enhancer.
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Chlorphenesin is a synthetic preservative used in skincare products to prevent bacterial and fungal growth, extending shelf life. It's a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that helps keep products safe from contamination during storage and use.
Benefits
- Prevents microbial contamination in skincare formulations
- Extends product shelf life
- Allows formulas to remain stable without refrigeration
Potential concerns
- May cause irritation to sensitive eyes and eye area when present in eye products
- Degrades under UV exposure, potentially creating more harmful breakdown products
- Limited long-term safety data in peer-reviewed literature
Science: Research shows chlorphenesin can be toxic to eye tissue cells at approved concentrations, particularly affecting meibomian glands. When exposed to sunlight, it breaks down into compounds like 4-chlorophenol that may be more ecotoxic than the original ingredient, though systemic absorption in skincare is typically minimal.
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2-Hexanediol is a humectant and preservative booster commonly used in skincare products to help retain moisture and extend shelf life. It works by drawing water into the skin while also enhancing the effectiveness of other preservatives, allowing brands to use lower amounts of traditional preservatives.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes skin by drawing in water
- Helps preserve products with lower preservative levels
- Works synergistically with other skincare ingredients like niacinamide
Potential concerns
- May cause cell viability concerns at concentrations above 1.0% in laboratory studies
- Limited real-world safety data in humans at typical skincare concentrations (usually 2-5%)
- Potential environmental concern if released into water systems
Science: While 2-hexanediol is widely used as a preservative substitute for parabens, recent cytotoxicity studies raise questions about safety at concentrations commonly found in skincare products (>2%). However, these findings are from laboratory cell studies and may not directly translate to human skin application. Further human safety studies are needed to confirm real-world risk.
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Stearic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid commonly derived from plant or animal sources. In skincare products, it functions as an emollient and emulsifier, helping to soften skin, improve product texture, and stabilize formulations by allowing oil and water to mix together.
Benefits
- Softens and moisturizes skin by forming a protective barrier
- Improves product texture and stability
- Helps other active ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively
Potential concerns
- May cause mild irritation or sensitivity in people with very sensitive skin
- Can leave a slight waxy residue if used in high concentrations
Science: Research indicates stearic acid acts as a permeation enhancer, potentially improving how active ingredients cross the skin barrier. It is well-established in cosmetic formulation design and has a strong safety history in topical products.
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Palmitic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in palm oil and animal fats that helps strengthen your skin's barrier and improve moisture retention. In skincare products, it acts as an emollient and emulsifier, making formulas smoother and helping other ingredients blend together.
Benefits
- Moisturizes and softens skin
- Strengthens skin barrier function
- Improves product texture and spreadability
Science: Palmitic acid is a well-established safe ingredient with a long history of use in cosmetics and food products. The provided research focuses on palmitic acid's metabolic role in systemic health contexts (cancer research), which is not relevant to topical skincare applications where absorption is minimal.
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Xanthan gum is a natural thickener derived from fermented bacteria that helps give skincare products a smooth, gel-like texture. It stabilizes formulas and prevents ingredients from separating, while also helping products spread evenly on skin.
Benefits
- Creates smooth, pleasant texture
- Stabilizes emulsions and prevents separation
- Improves product spreadability and application
Science: Xanthan gum is an FDA-approved, anionic polysaccharide with a long history of safe use across food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries since 1969. Its performance as a thickener and stabilizer is well-established in scientific literature, with no notable skin irritation concerns reported.
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Disodium EDTA is a chelating agent that binds to metals and minerals in skincare formulations. It helps stabilize products, prevent discoloration, and improve texture by controlling how other ingredients behave in the formula.
Benefits
- Stabilizes skincare formulations and extends shelf life
- Prevents oxidation and discoloration of products
- Improves product texture and consistency
Potential concerns
- May increase skin penetration of other ingredients in the formula
- Not absorbed through skin under normal use, but inhalation from sprays should be minimized
- Can cause irritation at high concentrations, though typical use levels (under 2%) are considered safe
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel confirmed in 2023 that disodium EDTA is safe at typical cosmetic use concentrations (under 2%). Research shows it is not absorbed through intact skin, though it may affect how other ingredients penetrate skin due to its mineral-binding properties. No carcinogenic effects have been identified.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Maltodextrin is a carbohydrate derived from starches like corn or potato. In skincare, it's used as a filler, thickener, and texture agent — it has no direct active benefit for skin itself.
Science: Maltodextrin is an inert, non-toxic carbohydrate commonly used as a placebo control in clinical nutrition studies, indicating excellent safety and tolerability. No adverse effects on skin health or systemic absorption concerns have been documented.
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Shea butter is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. In skincare, it works as a rich moisturizer and skin conditioning agent that helps soften and protect the skin barrier.
Benefits
- Deep moisturization and hydration
- Skin conditioning and softening
- May help improve skin texture and elasticity
Potential concerns
- May cause sensitivity or irritation in some individuals; formulations should be tested to ensure non-sensitizing properties
- Quality varies by source—impurities in poorly processed shea butter could potentially cause irritation
Science: A 2024 safety assessment by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that shea-derived ingredients are safe at current use levels and concentrations when formulated to be non-sensitizing. Formulators should monitor for impurities and be aware of cumulative botanical constituents in multi-ingredient products.
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Glyceryl Behenate is a naturally-derived emollient and emulsifier made from glycerin and behenic acid (a fatty acid). It's used in skincare products to soften the skin, improve texture, and help blend oil and water-based ingredients together.
Benefits
- Softens and conditions skin
- Helps stabilize product texture and consistency
- Mild emulsifying agent that blends ingredients smoothly
Potential concerns
- Undiluted forms may cause minor skin irritation, particularly on damaged skin
- Generally well-tolerated at concentrations used in cosmetics (up to 12%)
Science: Safety assessments show glyceryl monoesters like Glyceryl Behenate have minimal acute or chronic toxicity in animals, are not skin sensitizers at cosmetic-use levels, and are not irritating or sensitizing at typical product concentrations. The ingredient is metabolized naturally in the body to free fatty acids and glycerol.
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Sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI) is a gentle, plant-derived cleanser made from coconut oil. It removes dirt and oil from skin while being milder than many other cleansing ingredients, making it popular in gentle facial cleansers and beauty bars.
Benefits
- Effectively cleanses without stripping skin
- Gentler on skin barrier than stronger surfactants like sodium lauryl sulfate
- Well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin
- Biodegradable and derived from natural sources
Potential concerns
- Can cause mild irritation, redness, or dryness in sensitive individuals at higher concentrations
- May cause transient increases in water loss from skin with single exposure, though recovery is relatively quick
Science: Research confirms SCI is significantly milder than many alternative surfactants because its larger molecular structures are less likely to penetrate deep into skin layers. It has been safely used in skincare products for over 30 years, though individual sensitivity varies.
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Sodium Isethionate is a gentle cleanser and surfactant (washing agent) derived from coconut fatty acids. It removes dirt and oil while being significantly milder to skin than traditional soaps and many other cleansing agents.
Benefits
- Gentle cleansing suitable for sensitive skin
- Maintains skin's natural moisture barrier
- Effective in both soft and hard water
- Stable foaming action
- Well-tolerated by infants, elderly, and sensitive skin types
Potential concerns
- Can break down (hydrolyze) in very acidic (pH <5) or very alkaline (pH >8) formulations, though this is uncommon in skincare products
- May cause irritation in individuals with extreme skin sensitivity, though less likely than with other surfactants
Science: Multiple studies demonstrate sodium isethionate is significantly milder than soap and other anionic surfactants, with negligible impact on the skin's water-binding capacity in the outer layer. It is pH-stable in typical cosmetic formulations and has a long safety history in personal care products including baby care.
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Chamomile flower extract is a plant-derived ingredient made from the dried flowers of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). It's commonly used in skincare for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it popular in products designed to calm irritated or sensitive skin.
Benefits
- Soothes and calms irritated or inflamed skin
- May help reduce redness and sensitivity
- Antioxidant properties that help protect skin from environmental stress
Potential concerns
- Rare allergic reactions, particularly in people sensitive to plants in the daisy family (ragweed, chrysanthemums)
- May cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
Science: Chamomile has been traditionally used for centuries and is well-documented in herbal medicine literature. While robust clinical studies on skincare formulations are limited, the ingredient has established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties supported by phytochemical research.
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Sodium stearoyl glutamate is a gentle cleanser and skin-conditioning agent derived from amino acids and fatty acids. It helps remove oil and impurities while maintaining skin's natural moisture balance, commonly used in cleansers and makeup removers.
Benefits
- Mild cleansing action
- Skin conditioning
- Helps remove makeup and oil
Potential concerns
- Potential allergen for sensitive individuals
- May cause contact dermatitis in susceptible people
Science: Recent dermatological literature (2022) identifies sodium stearoyl glutamate as a known sensitizer in cosmetics, capable of triggering allergic contact dermatitis in some users. While generally recognized as safe for most people, it has been documented as a cause of contact allergies in clinical cases.
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Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a gentle cleanser and foaming agent derived from coconut oil. It's commonly used in shampoos, body washes, cleansers, and other rinse-off products to remove dirt and oil while creating lather.
Benefits
- Effective cleansing without excessive harshness
- Boosts foam and lather in rinse-off products
- Helps control product thickness and texture
Potential concerns
- Can cause mild skin irritation in some people, particularly with prolonged contact
- Known allergen affecting 3–7% of the population; contact sensitization has increased over time
- Manufacturing impurities (amidoamine, dimethylaminopropylamine) may increase allergic reaction risk
- May cause eye irritation if not rinsed thoroughly
Science: Recent safety data (2024) confirms CAPB is safe at standard cosmetic concentrations (up to 30% in rinse-off products, 6% in leave-on) with a safety margin greater than 100. However, it was named Allergen of the Year in 2004 due to rising contact sensitization rates, primarily linked to manufacturing impurities rather than the ingredient itself. Most reactions are delayed allergic responses rather than immediate irritation.
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Glycol Distearate is a waxy conditioning agent derived from glycol and stearic acid. It's used in skincare and body care products to improve texture, add slip, and create a smooth, luxurious feel on the skin.
Benefits
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Adds conditioning and emollient properties
- Creates a smooth, pleasant feel on skin
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available specifically on glycol distearate. However, research on similar body wash ingredients—including ethylene glycol distearate—shows it can reduce the bioaccumulation of problematic chemicals when used in formulations, suggesting it may have a stabilizing role in product safety.
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Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract comes from the seeds of the moringa tree, a plant native to South Asia. It's rich in antioxidants and proteins, and is used in skincare products for its potential to soothe, hydrate, and protect the skin.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection against environmental damage
- May help soothe and calm irritated skin
- Hydrating and moisturizing properties
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient in cosmetic skincare applications. Most evidence comes from traditional use and preliminary studies on moringa's antioxidant compounds; more rigorous clinical testing in skincare formulations would strengthen safety and efficacy claims.
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Coconut Acid is a natural fatty acid derived from coconut oil, commonly used in skincare as a cleansing agent and emulsifier. It helps dissolve oils and impurities on the skin while also helping formulations blend smoothly.
Benefits
- Gentle cleansing action
- Natural origin
- Helps stabilize product texture
Potential concerns
- May cause irritation or dryness in sensitive skin
- Can potentially clog pores in some individuals
- May trigger reactions in those with coconut sensitivity
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this ingredient. Coconut-derived fatty acids are generally recognized as safe in cosmetics, though individual tolerance varies depending on skin type and concentration used.
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