Ingredients
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Analysis not yet available for this ingredient.
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Butylene glycol is a humectant—a type of ingredient that draws water into the skin and helps it stay hydrated. It's a small, lightweight molecule commonly used in moisturizers to improve hydration without leaving a heavy feel on the skin.
Benefits
- Increases skin hydration and moisture retention
- Lightweight and absorbs quickly
- Helps other active ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively
Science: Research demonstrates that butylene glycol, when combined with other humectants (like glycerin and hyaluronic acid) and occlusive ingredients in moisturizers, significantly improves skin hydration in both healthy skin and compromised skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. It is recognized as a safe, effective humectant in dermatological formulations.
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Glycerin is a naturally derived humectant—a ingredient that draws moisture from the air into your skin. It's one of the most widely used and well-studied moisturizing agents in skincare, helping skin feel softer and more hydrated.
Benefits
- Attracts and retains moisture in the skin
- Improves skin hydration and softness
- Helps strengthen skin barrier function
- Suitable for most skin types, including sensitive skin
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded glycerin is safe as used in cosmetics across all concentrations. Research shows glycerin effectively improves skin hydration and is well-tolerated with minimal irritation risk. It is also referenced in clinical guidelines for managing inflammatory skin conditions and maintaining skin integrity.
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Trehalose is a naturally occurring sugar (disaccharide) used in skincare products for its stabilizing and protective properties. It helps preserve the integrity of skin cells and other ingredients, particularly when exposed to environmental stressors like heat or dryness.
Benefits
- Helps stabilize and protect skin cells from damage
- May improve skin barrier function and reduce moisture loss
- Supports ingredient stability in formulations
Science: Trehalose is widely recognized in biopharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for its cryoprotective and stabilizing properties. While peer-reviewed evidence specifically for topical skincare benefits is limited, research demonstrates its effectiveness as a cellular protectant and its ability to enhance the uptake and efficacy of other beneficial compounds in tissues.
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Sodium hyaluronate is the salt form of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance found in your skin that acts like a moisture magnet. In skincare products, it absorbs water from the environment and binds it to your skin, helping to hydrate and plump the skin's surface.
Benefits
- Delivers intense hydration to the skin
- Helps reduce the appearance of fine lines by improving skin moisture
- Supports skin barrier function
- Suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and oily skin
Potential concerns
- In very dry climates with low humidity, it may draw moisture from deeper skin layers if not sealed with an occlusive product
- Rare allergic reactions are possible but extremely uncommon
Science: While the provided research focuses on intra-articular injections for joint health (showing good safety and efficacy), hyaluronic acid and its salt form are well-established in dermatology for topical hydration. The molecule's safety profile is well-documented across decades of use in medical and cosmetic applications, with severe adverse reactions being extremely rare.
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Disodium EDTA is a chelating agent that binds to metals and minerals in skincare formulations, helping to preserve product stability and extend shelf life. It's used in small amounts (typically under 2%) to prevent unwanted chemical reactions that could degrade the formula.
Benefits
- Stabilizes cosmetic formulations by binding trace metals
- Extends product shelf life and maintains efficacy
- Allows other skincare ingredients to work more effectively
Potential concerns
- May increase skin penetration of other ingredients by chelating calcium in the skin barrier—only a concern if combined with potentially harmful substances
- Not absorbed through skin in normal use, but inhalation from sprays was identified as a theoretical concern in safety assessments
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel confirmed safety in 2023 based on standard use concentrations. Clinical studies show no skin absorption; however, it can affect how other chemicals penetrate the skin, so formulators must account for this when combining with other actives.
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Arginine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is a building block of proteins found in skin. In skincare products, it's used to support skin hydration and may help improve skin barrier function and elasticity.
Benefits
- Supports natural skin hydration
- Helps maintain skin barrier health
- May improve skin firmness and elasticity
Science: Arginine is a naturally occurring amino acid in human skin with a strong safety profile. Research shows it is a normal metabolite excreted by skin and is used in clinical diagnostics, indicating its natural presence and compatibility with skin biology.
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Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid is a smaller, broken-down form of hyaluronic acid—a naturally occurring substance that holds moisture in skin. The smaller molecular size allows it to penetrate the outer layers of skin more easily than regular hyaluronic acid, potentially delivering hydration deeper into the skin.
Benefits
- Enhanced skin hydration due to smaller molecular size and better penetration
- Helps plump and soften the appearance of fine lines
- Lightweight and suitable for layering with other skincare products
Science: Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid is well-established in skincare for its hygroscopic properties (ability to attract and retain water). The cited research focuses on its use in advanced delivery systems like microneedles for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, demonstrating its compatibility with sophisticated formulation technologies, though direct efficacy studies on topical application are limited in the provided literature.
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Panthenol is a lightweight humectant derived from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) that draws moisture into the skin and helps maintain hydration. It also supports the skin barrier and can help soothe irritation, making it a popular choice in products designed for sensitive or compromised skin.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes the skin
- Helps calm and soothe irritated or sensitive skin
- Supports skin barrier function and repair
- Lightweight and non-greasy
Science: Panthenol is one of the few ingredients in sensitive skin formulations with clinical evidence specifically tested on volunteers with sensitive skin. Research confirms it reduces skin inflammation and supports barrier function, though comprehensive clinical studies on this ingredient remain limited compared to some alternatives.
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Ethylhexylglycerin is a preservative and antimicrobial ingredient used to prevent bacterial growth and extend shelf life in skincare products. It's a multifunctional ingredient that helps keep formulations stable and free from contamination.
Benefits
- Prevents bacterial contamination in products
- Helps extend product shelf life
- Works synergistically with other preservatives for enhanced protection
Potential concerns
- May not be effective against all bacterial species (notably some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains)
- Preservative-related sensitization possible in sensitive individuals, though uncommon
Science: Research shows ethylhexylglycerin has broad antimicrobial activity against many common cosmetic contaminants, though effectiveness varies by bacterial species. Studies demonstrate it can work synergistically with other preservative components to enhance biofilm inhibition.
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Dipropylene glycol is a lightweight humectant and solvent derived from propylene glycol that helps skincare products absorb into skin while drawing moisture to the surface. It's commonly used in serums, toners, and lightweight moisturizers to improve texture and hydration.
Benefits
- Humectant that draws moisture into the skin
- Lightweight feel that doesn't leave greasy residue
- Enhances absorption of other active ingredients
- Helps preserve product stability
Potential concerns
- Rare potential for allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals (documented in medical device contexts)
- May cause irritation or sensitization in people with compromised skin barriers
- Unlikely concern in typical skincare concentrations, but those with known propylene glycol sensitivity should avoid
Science: Dipropylene glycol diacrylate (a related compound) has been identified as an allergen in medical devices in patch testing studies, though the base dipropylene glycol ingredient itself has limited published dermatology data. Allergic reactions appear rare and primarily documented in specialized medical contexts rather than cosmetic skincare use.
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2-Hexanediol is a humectant and preservative booster commonly used in skincare products to help retain moisture and extend shelf life. It works by drawing water into the skin while also enhancing the effectiveness of other preservatives, allowing brands to use lower amounts of traditional preservatives.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes skin by drawing in water
- Helps preserve products with lower preservative levels
- Works synergistically with other skincare ingredients like niacinamide
Potential concerns
- May cause cell viability concerns at concentrations above 1.0% in laboratory studies
- Limited real-world safety data in humans at typical skincare concentrations (usually 2-5%)
- Potential environmental concern if released into water systems
Science: While 2-hexanediol is widely used as a preservative substitute for parabens, recent cytotoxicity studies raise questions about safety at concentrations commonly found in skincare products (>2%). However, these findings are from laboratory cell studies and may not directly translate to human skin application. Further human safety studies are needed to confirm real-world risk.
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Xanthan gum is a natural thickener derived from fermented bacteria that helps give skincare products a smooth, gel-like texture. It stabilizes formulas and prevents ingredients from separating, while also helping products spread evenly on skin.
Benefits
- Creates smooth, pleasant texture
- Stabilizes emulsions and prevents separation
- Improves product spreadability and application
Science: Xanthan gum is an FDA-approved, anionic polysaccharide with a long history of safe use across food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries since 1969. Its performance as a thickener and stabilizer is well-established in scientific literature, with no notable skin irritation concerns reported.
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Phytosphingosine is a naturally-derived lipid (fatty substance) that helps strengthen your skin's protective barrier. It works by replenishing the lipids that keep skin moisturized and resilient, while also helping to calm inflammation and reduce acne-causing bacteria.
Benefits
- Supports skin barrier function and hydration
- Reduces inflammation and redness
- Helps control acne-prone skin with antimicrobial properties
Science: Research indicates phytosphingosine has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that may accelerate acne recovery when used in topical formulations. It appears particularly useful in products designed to restore skin barrier health in conditions like eczema and acne-prone skin.
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Carbomer is a thickening agent and stabilizer that gives skincare products their gel-like texture. It helps create a smooth, spreadable consistency and can hold active ingredients in place on the skin for better absorption.
Benefits
- Creates a smooth, easy-to-apply gel texture
- Helps stabilize and thicken formulations
- Can improve how long active ingredients stay on the skin
- Allows better delivery of beneficial compounds into deeper skin layers
Potential concerns
- Can occasionally cause irritation or sensitivity in very reactive skin types
- Requires proper pH adjustment in formulations (formulators use this, not consumers)
Science: Research shows carbomer is commonly used as a gel base in advanced skincare delivery systems, including those designed for anti-inflammatory and healing treatments. Studies indicate it effectively works with active ingredients like nanoparticles and botanical extracts to improve their penetration and efficacy on skin.
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Betaine is a naturally occurring compound found in plants like sugar beets and rice that helps skin retain moisture. In skincare products, it works as a humectant to draw water into the skin and maintain hydration.
Benefits
- Hydrates and moisturizes skin
- Helps skin retain water
- May have anti-inflammatory properties
- Generally non-irritating and well-tolerated
Science: Research indicates betaine (particularly in combination with polyhexanide) is nontoxic and well-tolerated in topical applications. Studies on rice-derived betaine show it is safe, non-irritating, and hypoallergenic, with potential anti-inflammatory and moisturizing benefits for skin.
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Centella Asiatica Extract is a plant-derived ingredient sourced from an Asian herb rich in natural compounds like triterpenoids and flavonoids. It's used in skincare to help hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and support the skin's natural barrier function.
Benefits
- Increases skin hydration and reduces water loss from the skin
- Reduces redness and calms inflamed or irritated skin
- May help soothe conditions like atopic dermatitis or eczema
- Provides antioxidant protection against free radical damage
Science: Clinical studies show that formulations containing 5% Centella Asiatica Extract significantly improved skin moisture and reduced inflammation over four weeks. Research also demonstrates anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in both cell and animal models of atopic dermatitis, suggesting potential therapeutic value for inflammatory skin conditions.
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This is a fermented ingredient made by combining beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus) with soybean extract. Fermentation breaks down the soybean into smaller, potentially more absorbable compounds. It's used in skincare for its antioxidant and skin-conditioning properties.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection
- May help soothe and calm skin
- Skin conditioning and hydration
Science: Limited peer-reviewed data available for this specific ingredient combination. General research supports fermented plant extracts as safe, stable skincare ingredients with potential antioxidant benefits, though efficacy studies on this particular ferment are lacking.
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Shea butter is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. In skincare, it works as a rich moisturizer and skin conditioning agent that helps soften and protect the skin barrier.
Benefits
- Deep moisturization and hydration
- Skin conditioning and softening
- May help improve skin texture and elasticity
Potential concerns
- May cause sensitivity or irritation in some individuals; formulations should be tested to ensure non-sensitizing properties
- Quality varies by source—impurities in poorly processed shea butter could potentially cause irritation
Science: A 2024 safety assessment by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that shea-derived ingredients are safe at current use levels and concentrations when formulated to be non-sensitizing. Formulators should monitor for impurities and be aware of cumulative botanical constituents in multi-ingredient products.
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Sorbitan sesquioleate is an emulsifier—a ingredient that helps mix oil and water-based components together in skincare formulas. It's derived from sorbitol (a natural sugar alcohol) and oleic acid (a fatty acid), making it a common stabilizer in creams, lotions, and other topical products.
Benefits
- Helps create smooth, stable formulas by mixing incompatible ingredients
- Allows for better texture and spreadability in skincare products
- Enables even distribution of active ingredients across the skin
Potential concerns
- Can cause contact allergic reactions in sensitive individuals (approximately 0.48% prevalence in patch-tested populations)
- May interfere with allergy testing results and mask true fragrance allergies when present in patch test preparations
- Stronger reactions more likely to occur in individuals with existing contact sensitivity
Science: Research shows sorbitan sesquioleate is a rare but confirmed contact allergen, with approximately 0.48% of patch-tested dermatitis patients showing allergic reactions. A key concern is that it can complicate allergy diagnosis by mimicking or masking fragrance allergies, since it's commonly used as an emulsifier in fragrance test preparations, potentially leading to misdiagnosis in clinical settings.
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Cyclodextrin is a ring-shaped carbohydrate derived from corn starch that acts as an encapsulation agent in skincare products. It traps and stabilizes other ingredients—especially unstable or fragrant compounds—protecting them from degradation while also helping to reduce irritation or odor.
Benefits
- Stabilizes sensitive or volatile active ingredients
- Can reduce irritation from fragrance or potent actives by controlling their release
- Improves product shelf life and consistency
Science: Cyclodextrins have a long safety history in food and pharmaceutical applications. In cosmetics, they are well-tolerated and rarely cause irritation, though they are primarily functional rather than directly beneficial to skin.
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Glyceryl stearate is a natural emulsifier and thickener derived from vegetable oils and glycerin. It helps bind water and oil together in skincare formulas, creating a smooth texture while providing mild moisturizing properties.
Benefits
- Helps create stable, smooth product textures
- Mild emollient that softens skin
- Derived from natural sources (vegetable-based)
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel confirmed in 2023 that glyceryl stearate and related glyceryl diesters are safe for cosmetic use at standard concentrations. Research indicates the ingredient has a skin-safe pH profile and demonstrates good stability in formulations.
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Houttuynia cordata extract comes from a plant traditionally used in Asian medicine. In skincare, it works as an antioxidant that helps protect skin from damage, supports the skin barrier, and has antibacterial properties that may help with blemish-prone skin.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection against free radical damage
- Supports skin barrier function and hydration
- Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
- May help reduce blemishes and breakouts
Science: Research shows Houttuynia cordata extract reduces reactive oxygen species in skin cells, upregulates filaggrin (a key barrier protein), and demonstrates antibacterial effects against acne and oral pathogens without cytotoxic effects on human cells.
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Madecassoside is a natural compound extracted from Centella asiatica (also called Gotu Kola), a tropical plant used in traditional medicine for centuries. In skincare, it's known for supporting skin repair, reducing inflammation, and promoting a more youthful appearance.
Benefits
- May promote collagen synthesis and skin firmness
- Can help reduce inflammation and redness
- Supports skin hydration and barrier function
- May help with wound healing and scar appearance
- Antioxidant properties to protect against environmental stress
Potential concerns
- Rare allergic reactions possible in sensitive individuals
- Limited data on safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding
Science: Peer-reviewed research confirms madecassoside exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and collagen-supporting properties in skin. Multiple studies document its use in treating skin conditions and its role in anti-aging and wound healing, though most human clinical trials remain limited in scope.
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Sodium acetylated hyaluronate is a modified form of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring compound that holds moisture in skin. This version is chemically altered to help protect your skin's structural proteins (collagen) from breaking down, potentially reducing the appearance of wrinkles over time.
Benefits
- May reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles with regular use (2+ months)
- Provides immediate smoothing effect on skin texture within 6 hours of application
- Helps protect collagen from degradation caused by aging and environmental damage
- Supports skin hydration through moisture-binding properties
Science: A 2022 peer-reviewed study demonstrated that sodium acetylated hyaluronate inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)—enzymes that break down collagen—in both young and aged skin exposed to UV and pollution. Clinical trials showed measurable reduction in wrinkle depth and number after 2 months of use, with visible smoothing effects visible within 6 hours.
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Hydroxyacetophenone is a naturally derived compound with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It's used in skincare products to help protect skin from environmental stress and maintain product freshness.
Benefits
- Antioxidant protection against free radicals
- Antimicrobial and antiseptic properties
- May help preserve product stability
Science: Research shows hydroxyacetophenone has demonstrated antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiseptic activities in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. However, peer-reviewed data specifically evaluating its safety profile and efficacy in topical skincare products for consumers is limited.
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Sorbitan Stearate is a gentle emulsifier derived from sorbitol (a natural sugar alcohol) and stearic acid (a fatty acid). It helps blend water and oil-based ingredients together in skincare products, creating a smooth, stable texture.
Benefits
- Helps create smooth, well-blended formulations
- Mild on skin with minimal irritation potential
- Non-sensitizing for most users
Potential concerns
- May cause mild skin irritation in sensitive individuals
- Rare allergic reactions reported in fewer than 1% of people with contact dermatitis
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded Sorbitan Stearate is safe for cosmetic use. Clinical and animal studies showed it is generally a minimal to mild skin irritant and non-sensitizing, with no mutagenic or reproductive toxicity concerns at typical use levels (usually under 10%).
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Ceramide NP is a naturally-derived lipid that mimics ceramides found in healthy skin. It works to repair and strengthen your skin's protective barrier, helping it retain moisture and resist irritation.
Benefits
- Restores skin barrier function and structural integrity
- Reduces trans-epidermal water loss (helps skin stay hydrated)
- Strengthens skin's natural defense against irritants and environmental stressors
Science: Recent research demonstrates that Ceramide NP effectively recovers damaged skin barrier function and can be formulated into advanced delivery systems (like ethosomes) to enhance skin absorption. Studies show it meaningfully lowers water loss while restoring epidermis structure in compromised skin.
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Polyglyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate is a natural-origin emulsifier derived from plant-based ingredients that helps blend water and oil together in creams and lotions. It stabilizes skincare formulas to keep them smooth and consistent while supporting even product application.
Benefits
- Stabilizes creams and emulsions
- Helps products spread evenly on skin
- Natural-origin alternative to synthetic emulsifiers
Science: Research indicates this emulsifier effectively stabilizes oil-in-water cream formulations without negatively affecting drug or active ingredient delivery to the skin, regardless of how the formula is manufactured.
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Cetyl ethylhexanoate is a lightweight oil derived from natural sources that functions as a skin-conditioning agent and emollient in skincare formulations. It helps soften and smooth the skin while also serving as a functional component that stabilizes emulsions and improves product texture.
Benefits
- Softens and conditions skin
- Improves product texture and spreadability
- Helps stabilize emulsions for better product performance
- Lightweight feel without heaviness
Potential concerns
- When formulated incorrectly, products containing this ingredient may cause irritation; formulations should be tested to ensure non-irritating concentrations
- Generally safe at typical use levels (up to 52% in leave-on products like lipsticks, and 77.3% in rinse-off formulations)
Science: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded this ingredient is safe in cosmetic formulations at current use levels when properly formulated to be non-irritating. Recent research (2024) demonstrates its role in advanced emulsion technology, where it helps create stable, thickened skincare products with enhanced cleansing and usability properties.
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Sucrose Cocoate is a natural emulsifier derived from coconut oil and sugar that helps mix oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare formulas. It's commonly used in moisturizing products to create stable, creamy textures while supporting skin hydration.
Benefits
- Helps stabilize emulsions for better product texture and consistency
- Supports skin hydration and moisture retention
- May help strengthen the skin's natural barrier function
- Derived from natural sources (coconut and sugar)
Science: Research shows sucrose cocoate creates physically stable emulsions with favorable effects on skin hydration and barrier improvement. Studies indicate it's well-tolerated in topical formulations at typical use levels (around 0.5% or less).
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Tea tree leaf extract is derived from the Australian tea tree plant and is known for its natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. It's commonly used in skincare products designed to address oily, acne-prone, or irritated skin.
Benefits
- May help reduce bacteria associated with acne
- Can provide anti-inflammatory effects to calm irritated skin
- Often used to help control excess oil production
Potential concerns
- Can cause irritation, redness, or sensitivity in some individuals, especially at high concentrations
- May trigger allergic contact dermatitis in people with tea tree sensitivity
- Can be drying to skin if overused or in sensitive formulations
Science: Tea tree oil is well-studied for its antimicrobial compounds (terpineol and cineole), though most clinical evidence focuses on the essential oil rather than leaf extracts specifically. Limited peer-reviewed data is available for the extract form as used in cosmetic formulations.
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Artemisia capillaris extract is derived from a traditional medicinal plant and is used in skincare for its anti-inflammatory properties. In formulated products, it may help calm irritated or inflamed skin conditions.
Benefits
- May reduce skin redness and inflammation
- Could help soothe irritated skin
- Potential support for reactive skin conditions
Potential concerns
- Limited safety data in cosmetic formulations for general consumers
- Raw extract can be toxic; safety depends entirely on proper formulation and concentration
- May cause irritation in sensitive individuals
Science: Research in animal models shows Artemisia capillaris extract reduced psoriasis-like symptoms and skin inflammation markers when properly formulated in a cream. However, peer-reviewed safety and efficacy data in consumer skincare products remains limited, and the extract requires careful formulation to avoid toxicity concerns.
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